System and method for quantitative dosimetry of photodynamic therapy in skin
While clinical treatment of actinic keratosis by photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely practiced, there is well-known variability in response, primarily caused by heterogeneous accumulation and PDT-induced photobleaching of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) between patients and between lesions. One of the key factors in regularizing this treatment would be to have an easily accessible indicator of PpIX present in the lesions at the time of light delivery. Described herein, a smartphone-based fluorescence imager was developed to allow simple quantitative photography of the lesions and their PpIX levels.
1 . A fluorescence imaging apparatus, comprising:
a housing including a first end, a second end, and an exit aperture disposed at the first end and optically connected to a window disposed at the second end, a mount disposed at the second end and configured to removeably couple a computing device to the housing such that an optical sensor of the computing device is aligned with the window, and an optical filter disposed in the window between the optical sensor and the exit aperture, the optical filter being removable from the window;
a light ring disposed at the first end of the housing and mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) having a metal core, the PCB being attached to the first end of the housing and configured to dissipate heat generated by the light ring, the light ring including a plurality of excitation light sources and a plurality of imaging light sources arranged on an outer portion of the light ring wherein one of the excitation light sources is arranged directly adjacent to one of the imaging light sources, the plurality of excitation light sources configured to emit light in a predetermined excitation wavelength range, the plurality of imaging light sources configured to emit light in a predetermined imaging wavelength range; and
a cushioned ring removeably attached to the first end of the housing, contacting and surrounding the exit aperture, the cushioned ring configured to couple the first end of the housing to a surface of an object to block external light from an exterior of the cushioned ring, wherein
the optical filter is configured to prevent transmission of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the predetermined excitation wavelength range.
2 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the housing and the cushion are optically opaque.
3 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of excitation light sources and the plurality of imaging light sources are arranged between the optical sensor and the exit aperture.
4 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of excitation light sources are configured to emit the light in the predetermined excitation wavelength range, which is 280 nm to 850 nm.
5 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a material of the optical filter is one of a dielectric, a color-glass, and a gel.
6 . A fluorescence imaging system, comprising:
the apparatus of claim 1 ; and
the computing device, which includes a memory, processing circuitry, and the optical sensor, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to
set a shutter speed, an ISO, and a focal distance, of the optical sensor,
receive, via the optical sensor, an image; and
store the image.
7 . The system of claim 6 , wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine an intensity value for each of a plurality of pixels in the image.
8 . The system of claim 6 , wherein a focal distance of the optical sensor is fixed and in a range of 5-1,000 mm.
9 . The system of claim 6 , wherein the plurality of excitation light sources is configured to cause emission of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) over an area of the object.
10 . The system of claim 9 , wherein the optical sensor is configured to image the emission of the PpIX over the area.
11 . The system of claim 10 , wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine an intensity of the emission of the PpIX over the area for each image received.
12 . The system of claim 6 , wherein the image received by the processing circuitry is in a raw image format.
13 . A method for fluorescent imaging using an imaging apparatus including a computing device, a housing, a light array ring, and a power source, the computing device including an optical sensor, a memory, and processing circuitry, the housing including a first end, a second end, an exit aperture disposed at the first end and optically connected to a window disposed at the second end, a mount disposed at the second end and configured to removeably couple the computing device to the housing such that the optical sensor is aligned with the window, and an optical filter disposed in the window between the optical sensor and the exit aperture, the optical filter being removable from the window, the light ring disposed at the first end of the housing and mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) having a metal core, the PCB being attached to the first end of the housing and configured to dissipate heat generated by the light ring, the light ring including a plurality of excitation light sources and a plurality of imaging light sources arranged on an outer portion of the light ring, wherein one of the excitation light sources is arranged directly adjacent to one of the imaging light sources, the plurality of excitation light sources configured to emit light in a predetermined excitation wavelength range, the plurality of imaging light sources configured to emit light in a predetermined imaging wavelength range, and a cushioned ring removeably attached to the first end of the housing, contacting and surrounding the exit aperture, the cushioned ring configured to couple the first end of the housing to a surface of an object to block external prevent light from an exterior of the cushioned ring, the method comprising:
arranging the imaging apparatus so as to press against the object such that the light from the exterior is prevented from entering the interior of the cushion;
receiving, via the optical sensor, an image;
storing the image in the memory; and
determining, via the processing circuitry, an intensity value for each of a plurality of pixels in the image.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the plurality of excitation light sources is configured to cause emission of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) over an area of the object.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the determined intensity value for each of the plurality of pixels in the image is based on an intensity of the emission of the PpIX.
16 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the plurality of excitation light sources are configured to emit the light having a wavelength range of is 280 nm to 850 nm.
17 . A non-transitory computer readable storage medium including executable instructions, wherein the instructions, when executed by circuitry, cause the circuitry to perform the method according to claim 13 .