IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,501,177
Granted Patent B2
US 12,501,177 · App. 18/073,759 · Granted Dec 16, 2025

Method and system of polarization microscopy imaging

Inventors: Xiang Dai (Durham, NC); Roarke Horstmeyer (Durham, NC); Shiqi Xu (Durham, NC); Pavan Chandra Konda (Durham, NC)
Assignee: DUKE UNIVERSITY
H04N23/951G01N21/21G02B21/06G02B21/367H04N23/56H04N23/81
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,501,177
App. No.
18/073,759
Granted
Dec 16, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

A microscopy system includes a lens, an image sensor, a planar array of light sources, and a first and second polarizing filter. The lens is disposed between the array and the image sensor. The image sensor has a field of view and is positioned to capture an image of a sample in a target area. Each light source provides light from a different direction to the target area. The first polarizing filter and the second polarizing filter are each positioned at a rotation angle. A method of microscopy imaging includes illuminating a sample positioned in a target area of a lens with a light source from an array of light sources, acquiring a set of images by an image sensor of the illuminated sample, and performing a reconstruction algorithm on the set of images to generate a composite high-resolution image over the field of view of the image sensor.

Claims (43)

1 . A method of microscopy imaging, the method comprising:

illuminating, by a light source, a sample positioned in a target area of a lens, wherein the light source is one light source in an array of light sources positioned to provide light to the target area;

acquiring a set of images by an image sensor of the illuminated sample, the image sensor having a field of view;

performing a reconstruction algorithm on the set of images to generate a composite high-resolution image over the field of view of the image sensor; and

modeling polarimetric properties of the sample utilizing the acquired set of images or the composite high-resolution image, wherein the modeling uses Jones calculus to represent an optical field as a complex matrix containing two orthogonal components defined along an x and y axes.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the reconstruction algorithm is a phase retrieval algorithm to recover polarization information of the set of images iteratively at each resolved pixel of each image from a set of images.

3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the modeling utilizes the acquired set of images as a sample matrix.

4 . The method of claim 3 , further comprising modeling polarization aberrations utilizing the acquired set of images as a pupil matrix.

5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the reconstruction algorithm utilizes the sample matrix and the pupil matrix.

6 . The method of claim 4 , further comprising removing polarized light aberrations from the composite high-resolution image utilizing the pupil matrix.

7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the modeling utilizes the composite high-resolution image.

8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the polarimetric properties includes one or more of sample retardance, sample orientation, and sample diattenuation.

9 . The method of claim 1 ,

wherein the array of light sources is a planar array of light sources, each light source of the planar array of light sources providing light from a different direction to the target area,

wherein the image sensor is positioned to capture an image of a sample positioned in a target area,

wherein a first polarizing filter is positioned between the target area and the planar array of light sources,

wherein the first polarizing filter is positioned at a first rotation angle,

wherein a second polarizing filter is positioned between the lens and the image sensor,

wherein the second polarizing filter is positioned at a second rotation angle, and

wherein the lens is disposed in a light path between the planar array of light sources and the image sensor.

10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the reconstruction algorithm utilizes the modeled polarimetric properties of the sample to generate the composite high-resolution image with minimal polarized light aberrations.

11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the polarimetric properties comprise polarization properties and polarization aberrations, wherein the modeling applies Jones calculus to the acquired set of images to describe the polarization properties of the sample as a sample matrix and to describe the polarization aberrations of the sample as a pupil matrix.

12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein light's polarization state is defined by an amplitude of the two orthogonal components.

13 . A computing device, comprising:

a processor, memory and instructions stored in the memory that when executed by the processor, direct the computing device to:

receive a set of images;

generate a composite high-resolution image by:

acquiring a set of images by an image sensor of an illuminated sample positioned in a target area of a lens, the image sensor having a field of view;

performing a reconstruction algorithm on the set of images to generate a composite high-resolution image over the field of view of the image sensor;

outputting the composite high-resolution image for display; and

modeling polarimetric properties of the sample utilizing the acquired set of images or the composite high-resolution image, wherein the modeling uses Jones calculus to represent an optical field as a complex matrix containing two orthogonal components defined along an x and y axes.

14 . The computing device of claim 13 , further comprising a camera that captures the set of images.

15 . The computing device of claim 13 , wherein the instructions to generate the composite high-resolution image direct the processor to:

model polarization properties of the illuminated sample utilizing the acquired set of images by a sample matrix;

model polarization aberrations utilizing the acquired set of images by a pupil matrix; and

perform the reconstruction algorithm utilizing the sample matrix and the pupil matrix.

16 . The computing device of claim 15 , wherein the reconstruction algorithm is a phase retrieval algorithm.

17 . A method of microscopy imaging, the method comprising:

illuminating, by a light source, a sample positioned in a target area of a lens, wherein the light source is one light source in an array of light sources positioned to provide light to the target area;

acquiring a set of images by an image sensor of the illuminated sample, the image sensor having a field of view;

performing a reconstruction algorithm on the set of images to generate a composite high-resolution image over the field of view of the image sensor; and

modeling polarimetric properties of the sample utilizing the acquired set of images or the composite high-resolution image, wherein the modeling utilizes the acquired set of images as a sample matrix; and

modeling polarization aberrations utilizing the acquired set of images as a pupil matrix.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Oct 27, 2023
From: DAI, XIANG; HORSTMEYER, ROARKE; XU, SHIQI; KONDA, PAVAN CHANDRA
To: DUKE UNIVERSITY
Reel/Frame 065367/0738 →
Continuity (2)
Provisional Application 63285134 · Dec 2, 2021
Related Publication 20230179876A1 · Jun 8, 2023
References Cited (98)
US 9426455B2 · Horstmeyer et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20070171427A1 · Shiode · 2007 [cited by examiner]
US 20120038885A1 · Cense · 2012 [cited by examiner]
US 20150036038A1 · Horstmeyer · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 20150160450A1 · Ou · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 20160088205A1 · Horstmeyer · 2016 [cited by examiner]
US 20170024908A1 · Bosch · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170146788A1 · Waller · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170363853A1 · Besley · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20180156597A1 · Smith · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20190146204A1 · Stoppe · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190391382A1 · Chung · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20210072163A1 · Simkhovich · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20240094439A1 · Rubin · 2024 [cited by examiner]
EP 3106862A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO 2016101007A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO 2017191009A3 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
Lee, Kyung Chul, et al., “A Smartphone-Based Fourier Ptychographic Microscope Using the Display Screen for Illumination,” ACS Photonics, Apr. 23, 2021, pp. 1307-1315, vol. 8, issue 5. [cited by applicant]
Yeh, Li-Hao, et al., “Experimental Robustness of Fourier Ptychography Phase Retrieval Algorithms,” Optics Express, Dec. 16, 2015, 27 pages, vol. 23, issue 26. [cited by applicant]
Qian, Jianliang, et al., “Efficient Algorithms for Ptychographic Phase Retrieval,” Inverse Problems and Applications, Contemp. Math, Jan. 2014, pp. 261-280, vol. 615. [cited by applicant]
Rodenburg, J. M., et al., “A Phase Retrieval Algorithm for Shifting Illumination,” Applied Physics Letters, Nov. 15, 2004, pp. 4795-4797, vol. 85, issue 20. [cited by applicant]
Park, Yongkeun, et al., “Quantitative Phase Imaging in Biomedicine,” Nature Photonics, Oct. 2018 (accessible Sep. 27, 2018), pp. 578-589, vol. 12, issue 10. [cited by applicant]
Zhanghao, Karl, et al., “High-Dimensional Super-Resolution Imaging Reveals Heterogeneity and Dynamics of Subcellular Lipid Membranes,” Nature Communications, Nov. 18, 2020, 10 pages, vol. 11, issue 1. [cited by applicant]
Lu, Jin, et al., “Single-Molecule 3D Orientation Imaging Reveals Nanoscale Compositional Heterogeneity in Lipid Membranes,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Sep. 28, 2020, pp. 17572-17579, vol. 59, issue 40. [cited by applicant]
Inoue, Shinya, “Polarization Optical Studies of the Mitotic Spindle: I. The Demonstration of Spindle Fibers in Living Cells,” Chromosoma, Dec. 1953, pp. 487-500, vol. 5, issue 1. [cited by applicant]
Spiesz, Ewa M., et al., “A Quantitative Collagen Fibers Orientation Assessment Using Birefringence Measurements: Calibration and Application to Human Osteons,” Journal of Structural Biology, Dec. 2011 (accessible Sep. 2… [cited by applicant]
Liu, Tairan, et al., “Deep Learning-Based Holographic Polarization Microscopy,” ACS Photonics, Nov. 18, 2020, pp. 3023-3034, vol. 7, issue 11. [cited by applicant]
Hur, Sunwoong, et al., “Polarization-Sensitive Differential Phase-Contrast Microscopy,” Optics Letters, Jan. 14, 2021 (accessible Dec. 22, 2020), 4 pages, vol. 46, issue 2. [cited by applicant]
De Boer, Johannes F., et al., “Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography—a Review [Invited],” Biomedical Optics Express, Mar. 1, 2017, 36 pages, vol. 8, issue 3. [cited by applicant]
Van Rooij, Jos, et al., “Polarization Contrast Optical Diffraction Tomography,” Biomedical Optics Express, Apr. 1, 2020 (accessible Mar. 20, 2020), 13 pages, vol. 11, issue 4. [cited by applicant]
Chen, Michael, et al., “3D Differential Phase Contrast Microscopy,” Biomedical Optics Express, Oct. 1, 2016, 11 pages, vol. 7, issue 10. [cited by applicant]
Fan, Yao, et al., “Optimal Illumination Scheme for Isotropic Quantitative Differential Phase Contrast Microscopy,” Photonics Research, Aug. 1, 2019, 15 pages, vol. 7, issue 8. [cited by applicant]
Cao, Ruiming, et al., “Self-Calibrated 3D Differential Phase Contrast Microscopy with Optimized Illumination,” Biomedical Optics Express, Mar. 1, 2022, 14 pages, vol. 13, issue 3. [cited by applicant]
Maruyama, Yasushi, et al., “3.2-MP Back-Illuminated Polarization Image Sensor With Four-Directional Air-Gap Wire Grid and 2.5-um Pixels,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Jun. 2018 (accessible May 4, 2018), pp. 25… [cited by applicant]
Ferrand, Patrick, et al., “Ptychography in Anisotropic Media,” Optics Letters, Nov. 15, 2015, 4 pages, vol. 40, issue 22. [cited by applicant]
Li, Jiaji, et al., “High-Speed in Vitro Intensity Diffraction Tomography,” Advanced Photonics, Dec. 28, 2019, 13 pages, vol. 1, issue 06. [cited by applicant]
Ayoub, Ahmed B., et al., “3D Reconstruction of Weakly Scattering Objects from 2D Intensity-Only Measurements Using the Wolf Transform,” Optics Express, Feb. 1, 2021, 7 pages, vol. 29, issue 3. [cited by applicant]
Streibl, N., “Three-Dimensional Imaging by a Microscope,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Feb. 1, 1985, 4 pages, vol. 2, issue 2. [cited by applicant]
Paszke, Adam, et al., “Automatic Differentiation in Pytorch,” NIPS 2017 Workshop Autodiff, Oct. 28, 2017. [cited by applicant]
Kingma, Diederik P., et al., “Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization,” Jan. 30, 2017 (accessible Dec. 22, 2014), 15 pages, arXiv. [cited by applicant]
Sultanova, N., et al., “Dispersion Properties of Optical Polymers,” Acta Physica Polonica A, Oct. 2009, pp. 585-587, vol. 116, issue 4. [cited by applicant]
Yakupova, Elmira I., et al., “Congo Red and Amyloids: History and Relationship,” Bioscience Reports, Jan. 31, 2019 (accessible Dec. 19, 2018), 22 pages, vol. 39, issue 1. [cited by applicant]
Yang, Bin, et al., “Polarized Light Microscopy for 3-dimensional Mapping of Collagen Fiber Architecture in Ocular Tissues,” Journal of Biophotonics, Aug. 2018, 19 pages, vol. 11, issue 8. [cited by applicant]
Zhou, Kevin C., et al., “Diffraction Tomography with a Deep Image Prior,” Optics Express, Apr. 27, 2020, 25 pages, vol. 28, issue 9. [cited by applicant]
Boyd, Stephen, et al., “Distributed Optimization and Statistical Learning via the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers,” Foundations and Trends® in Machine Learning, 2010, pp. 1-122, vol. 3, issue 1. [cited by applicant]
Sun, Yu, et al., “Regularized Fourier Ptychography Using an Online Plug-and-Play Algorithm,” ICASSP 2019—2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), May 2019 (accessible Nov. … [cited by applicant]
Tuchin, Valery V., “Polarized Light Interaction with Tissues,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, Apr. 28, 2016, 38 pages, vol. 21, issue 7. [cited by applicant]
Ou, Xiaoze, et al., “Quantitative Phase Imaging via Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy,” Optics Letters, Nov. 15, 2013, 4 pages, vol. 38, issue 22. [cited by applicant]
Chipman, Russell A., et al., “Polarized Light,” Chapter 2, Polarized Light and Optical Systems, Jul. 16, 2018, pp. 31-62, CRC Press. [cited by applicant]
Wolman, Moshe, “Polarized Light Microscopy as a Tool of Diagnostic Pathology.,” Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, 1975, pp. 21-50, vol. 23, issue 1, SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA. [cited by applicant]
Jin, Lee-Way, et al., “Imaging Linear Birefringence and Dichroism in Cerebral Amyloid Pathologies,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Dec. 23, 2003, pp. 15294-15298, vol. 100, issue 26. [cited by applicant]
Manjunatha, Bhari Sharanesha, et al., “Histopathological Evaluation of Collagen Fibers Using Picrosirius Red Stain and Polarizing Microscopy in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma,” Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics,… [cited by applicant]
He, Chao, et al., “Characterizing Microstructures of Cancerous Tissues Using Multispectral Transformed Mueller Matrix Polarization Parameters,” Biomedical Optics Express, Aug. 1, 2015 (accessible Jul. 17, 2015), pp. 293… [cited by applicant]
Zhang, Yibo, et al., “Wide-Field Imaging of Birefringent Synovial Fluid Crystals Using Lens-Free Polarized Microscopy for Gout Diagnosis,” Scientific Reports, Jun. 30, 2016, 14 pages, vol. 6, issue 1, article 28793. [cited by applicant]
Jan, Ning-Jiun, et al., “Polarization Microscopy for Characterizing Fiber Orientation of Ocular Tissues,” Biomedical Optics Express, Dec. 1, 2015 (accessible Nov. 5, 2015), pp. 4705-4718, vol. 6, issue 12. [cited by applicant]
Badreddine, Ali H., et al., “Real-Time Imaging of Action Potentials in Nerves Using Changes in Birefringence,” Biomedical Optics Express, May 1, 2016 (accessible Apr. 21, 2016), pp. 1966-1973, vol. 7, issue 5. [cited by applicant]
He, Chao, et al., “Polarisation Optics for Biomedical and Clinical Applications: A Review,” Light: Science Applications, Sep. 22, 2021, pp. 1-20, vol. 10, issue 1, article 194. [cited by applicant]
Koike-Tani, Maki, et al., “Polarized Light Microscopy in Reproductive and Developmental Biology,” Molecular Reproduction and Development, Jul. 2015 (accessible Aug. 26, 2013), pp. 548-562, vol. 82, issue 7-8. [cited by applicant]
Panwar, Neha, et al., “A Review on Influence of Mineralogy and Diagenesis on Spectral Induced Polarization Measurements in Carbonate Rocks,” Petro-Physics and Rock Physics of Carbonate Reservoirs, 2020 (accessible Oct. … [cited by applicant]
Guo, Syuan-Ming, et al., “Revealing Architectural Order with Quantitative Label-Free Imaging and Deep Learning,” eLife, Jul. 27, 2020, pp. 1-33, vol. 9, article eLife.55502. [cited by applicant]
Zheng, Guoan, et al., “Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy: A Gigapixel Superscope for Biomedicine,” Optics and Photonics News, Apr. 1, 2014, pp. 26-33, vol. 25, issue 4. [cited by applicant]
Jan, Ning-Jiun, et al., “Collagen Architecture of the Posterior Pole: High-Resolution Wide Field of View Visualization and Analysis Using Polarized Light Microscopy,” Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science, Feb. 3,… [cited by applicant]
Zheng, Guoan, et al., “Wide-Field, High-Resolution Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy,” Nature Photonics, Sep. 28, 2013, 16 pages, vol. 7, issue 9. [cited by applicant]
Pezzaniti, J. Larry, et al., “Mueller Matrix Imaging Polarimetry,” Optical Engineering, Jun. 1, 1995, p. 1558-68 vol. 34, issue 6. [cited by applicant]
Hielscher, Andreas, et al., “Diffuse Backscattering Mueller Matrices of Highly Scattering Media,” Optics Express, Dec. 22, 1997, pp. 441-453, vol. 1, issue 13. [cited by applicant]
Yao, Gang, et al., “Two-Dimensional Depth-Resolved Mueller Matrix Characterization of Biological Tissue by Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, Apr. 15, 1999, pp. 537-539, vol. 24, issue 8. [cited by applicant]
Jones, R. Clark, “A New Calculus for the Treatment of Optical Systemsl Description and Discussion of the Calculus,” Journal of the Optical Society of America, Jul. 1, 1941, pp. 488-493, vol. 31, issue 7. [cited by applicant]
Wang, Zhuo, et al., “Jones Phase Microscopy of Transparent and Anisotropic Samples,” Optics Letters, Jun. 1, 2008 (accessible May 30, 2008), pp. 1270-1272, vol. 33, issue 11. [cited by applicant]
Aknoun, Sherazade, et al., “Quantitative Retardance Imaging by Means of Quadri-Wave Lateral Shearing Interferometry for Label-Free Fiber Imaging in Tissues,” Optics Communications, Sep. 1, 2018, pp. 17-27, vol. 422. [cited by applicant]
Jiao, Yuheng, et al., “Real-Time Jones Phase Microscopy for Studying Transparent and Birefringent Specimens,” Optics Express, Nov. 9, 2020 (accessible Oct. 27, 2020), pp. 34190-34200, vol. 28, issue 23. [cited by applicant]
Saba, Amirhossein, et al., “Polarization-Sensitive Optical Diffraction Tomography,” Optica, Mar. 12, 2021, pp. 402-408, vol. 8, issue 3. [cited by applicant]
Colomb, Tristan, et al., “Polarization Imaging by Use of Digital Holography,” Applied Optics, Jan. 1, 2002, pp. 27-37, vol. 41, issue 1. [cited by applicant]
Kim, Youngchan, et al., “Polarization Holographic Microscopy for Extracting Spatio-Temporally Resolved Jones Matrix,” Optics Express, Apr. 23, 2012, pp. 9948-9955, vol. 20, issue 9. [cited by applicant]
Yang, Taeseok Daniel, et al., “Single-Shot Digital Holographic Microscopy for Quantifying a Spatially-Resolved Jones Matrix of Biological Specimens,” Optics Express, Dec. 12, 2016, pp. 29302-29311, vol. 24, issue 25. [cited by applicant]
Ge, Baoliang, et al., “Single-Shot Quantitative Polarization Imaging of Complex Birefringent Structure Dynamics,” Jun. 11, 2021, arXiv. [cited by applicant]
De Boer, Johannes F., et al., “Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography—a Review [Invited],” Biomedical Optics Express, Mar. 1, 2017, pp. 1838-1873, vol. 8, issue 3. [cited by applicant]
Massoumian, F., et al., “Quantitative Polarized Light Microscopy,” Journal of Microscopy, Jan. 2003, pp. 13-22, vol. 209, issue 1. [cited by applicant]
Oldenbourg, Rudolf, “Polarized Light Microscopy: Principles and Practice,” Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, Nov. 2013, pp. 1023-1036, vol. 2013, issue 11. [cited by applicant]
Mehta, Shalin B., et al., “Polarized Light Imaging of Birefringence and Diattenuation at High Resolution and High Sensitivity,” Journal of Optics, Sep. 1, 2013, 22 pages, vol. 15, issue 9. [cited by applicant]
Shin, Seungwoo, et al., “Reference-Free Polarization-Sensitive Quantitative Phase Imaging Using Single-Point Optical Phase Conjugation,” Optics Express, Oct. 15, 2018 (accessible Oct. 1, 2018), pp. 26858-26865, vol. 26,… [cited by applicant]
Bai, Bijie, et al., “Pathological Crystal Imaging with Single-shot Computational Polarized Light Microscopy,” Journal of Biophotonics, Jan. 2020, 13 pages, vol. 13, issue 1. [cited by applicant]
Song, Seungri, et al., “Large-Area, High-Resolution Birefringence Imaging with Polarization-Sensitive Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy,” ACS Photonics, Jan. 20, 2021 (accessible Jan. 7, 2021), pp. 158-165, vol. 8, issue… [cited by applicant]
Song, Qinghua, et al., “Ptychography Retrieval of Fully Polarized Holograms from Geometric-Phase Metasurfaces,” Nature Communications, May 27, 2020, 8 pages, vol. 11, issue 1, article 2651. [cited by applicant]
Yeh, Li-Hao, et al., “uPTI: Uniaxial Permittivity Tensor Imaging of Intrinsic Density and Anisotropy,” Sep. 12, 2021 (accessible: Dec. 16, 2020), 52 pages, bioRxiv. [cited by applicant]
Ferrand, Patrick, et al., “Quantitative Imaging of Anisotropic Material Properties with Vectorial Ptychography,” Optics Letters, Feb. 15, 2018 (accessible Dec. 1, 2017), 5 pages, vol. 43, issue 4. [cited by applicant]
Horstmeyer, Roarke, et al., “A Phase Space Model of Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy,” Optics Express, Jan. 13, 2014 (accessible Jan. 2, 2014), p. 338-58, vol. 22, issue 1. [cited by applicant]
Konda, Pavan Chandra, et al., “Fourier Ptychography: Current Applications and Future Promises,” Optics Express, Mar. 30, 2020 (accessible Mar. 19, 2020), pp. 9603-9630, vol. 28, issue 7. [cited by applicant]
Ou, Xiaoze, et al., “Embedded Pupil Function Recovery for Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy,” Optics Express, Mar. 10, 2014 (accessible Feb. 24, 2014) , pp. 4960-4972, vol. 22, issue 5. [cited by applicant]
Tian, Lei, et al., “Multiplexed Coded Illumination for Fourier Ptychography with an LED Array Microscope,” Biomedical Optics Express, Jul. 1, 2014 (accessible Jun. 19, 2014), 14 pages, vol. 5, issue 7. [cited by applicant]
Maiden, Andrew, et al., “Further Improvements to the Ptychographical Iterative Engine,” Optica, Jul. 20, 2017 (accessible Jun. 30, 2017), pp. 736-745, vol. 4, issue 7. [cited by applicant]
Kreutz-Delgado, Ken, “The Complex Gradient Operator and the CR-Calculus,” Jun. 25, 2009, 74 pages, arXiv. [cited by applicant]
Ou, Xiaoze, et al., “High Numerical Aperture Fourier Ptychography: Principle, Implementation and Characterization,” Optics Express, Feb. 9, 2015 (accessible Feb. 4, 2015), pp. 3472-3491, vol. 23, issue 3. [cited by applicant]
Yang, Bin, et al., “Instant Polarized Light Microscopy for Imaging Collagen Microarchitecture and Dynamics,” Journal of Biophotonics, Feb. 2021, 20 pages, vol. 14, issue 2. [cited by applicant]
Oldenbourg, R., “Analysis of Edge Birefringence,” Biophysical Journal, Sep. 1991, pp. 629-641, vol. 60, issue 3. [cited by applicant]
Howie, Alexander J., et al., “Physical Basis of Colors Seen in Congo Red-Stained Amyloid in Polarized Light,” Laboratory Investigation, Mar. 2008 (accessible Dec. 31, 2007), pp. 232-242, vol. 88, issue 3. [cited by applicant]
Mcguire, James P. Jr., et al., “Polarization Aberrations. I. Rotationally Symmetric Optical Systems,” Applied Optics, May 21, 1990, 20 pages. [cited by applicant]
Loetgering, Lars, et al., “Tailoring Spatial Entropy in Extreme Ultraviolet Focused Beams for Multispectral Ptychography,” Optica, Feb. 20, 2021 (accessible Jan. 25, 2021), pp. 130-138, vol. 8, issue 2. [cited by applicant]
Konda, Pavan Chandra, et al., “Multi-Aperture Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy, Theory and Validation,” Optics and Lasers in Engineering, Mar. 2021, 15 pages, vol. 138. [cited by applicant]