Thermocouple-based distillation module and method

1 . A membrane distillation (MD) module comprising:

a first MD sub-module including a first thermocouple, the first thermocouple being fully located within the first MD sub-module;

a second MD sub-module including a second thermocouple, the second thermocouple being fully located within the second MD sub-module; and

a distillation membrane sandwiched between the first MD sub-module and the second MD sub-module,

wherein a hot chamber of the first MD sub-module is closed by the distillation membrane, and

wherein a cold chamber of the second MD sub-module is closed by the distillation membrane.

2 . The MD module of claim 1 , wherein the hot chamber has an input for receiving a feed at ambient temperature, and an output for discharging a brine, and the cold chamber has an output for discharging a permeate.

3 . The MD module of claim 2 , wherein the hot chamber is configured to heat the brine inside the module and the cold chamber is configured to cool the permeate.

4 . The MD module of claim 1 , wherein a cold chamber of the first MD sub-module and a hot chamber of the second MD sub-module are free of the feed, the brine, or the permeate.

5 . The MD module of claim 1 , wherein the feed is heated only in the hot chamber of the first MD sub-module and the permeate is cooled only in the cold chamber.

6 . The MD module of claim 1 , wherein the first and second thermocouples use the Peltier effect.

7 . The MD module of claim 1 , wherein the hot chamber of the first MD sub-module has an input and an output and the cold chamber of the second MD sub-module has only an output.

8 . A membrane distillation (MD) system comprising:

plural MD sub-modules, each MD sub-module including a corresponding thermocouple, the corresponding thermocouple being fully located within the MD sub-module; and

plural distillation membranes interleaved with the plural MD sub-modules so that each distillation membrane of the plural distillation membranes is sandwiched between a hot chamber of a given MD sub-module and a cold chamber of an adjacent MD sub-module of the plural MD sub-modules,

wherein the hot chamber is directly facing a hot part of a corresponding thermocouple of the given MD sub-module, and

wherein the cold chamber is directly facing a cold part of a corresponding thermocouple of the adjacent MD sub-module.

9 . The MD system of claim 8 , wherein all inputs of the hot chambers of the plural MD sub-modules are fluidly connected, in parallel, to a feed source, and all outputs of the hot chambers are fluidly connected, in parallel, to each other to receive a brine.

10 . The MD system of claim 9 , wherein all outputs of the cold chambers of the plural MD sub-modules are fluidly connected, in parallel, to each other to receive a permeate.

11 . The MD system of claim 10 , wherein the cold chambers have only outputs, and no inputs.

12 . The MD system of claim 8 , wherein all the hot chambers of the plural MD sub-modules are fluidly connected, in series, to each other, to receive a feed and all outputs of the cold chambers of the plural MD sub-modules are fluidly connected, in parallel, to each other to collect a permeate.

13 . The MD system of claim 12 , wherein the cold chambers have only outputs, and no inputs.

14 . The MD system of claim 8 , wherein the plural MD sub-modules are distributed along a closed curve so that each hot and cold chamber is bordered by a corresponding membrane and a corresponding thermocouple.

15 . The MD system of claim 8 , wherein the hot chamber is configured to heat a feed and the cold chamber is configured to cool a permeate, and the feed is heated only in the hot chamber and the permeate is cooled only in the cold chamber.

16 . The MD system of claim 8 , wherein the thermocouple uses the Peltier effect.