Positive electrode, lithium battery including positive electrode, and method of manufacturing positive electrode
A positive electrode, a lithium battery including the positive electrode, and a method of manufacturing the positive electrode are disclosed. The positive electrode includes: a composite positive active material and a binder. The composite positive active material includes: a core including a lithium transition metal oxide; and a shell on and conformed to a surface of the core. The shell includes: at least one first metal oxide represented by Formula M a O b ; and a carbonaceous material. The at least one first metal oxide may be in a carbonaceous material matrix, and M is at least one metal selected from Groups 2 to 13 and 15 and 16. The positive active material layer includes a carbonaceous conductive agent, and the carbonaceous conductive agent is present only in the shell.
1 . A positive electrode comprising:
a positive electrode current collector and a positive active material layer on the positive electrode current collector,
wherein the positive active material layer comprises a composite positive active material and a binder,
the composite positive active material comprises: a core comprising a lithium transition metal oxide; and a shell on and conformed to a surface of the core,
the shell comprises: at least one first metal oxide represented by Formula M a O b , wherein 0<a≤3 and 0<b<4, provided that when a is 1, 2, or 3, b is not an integer; and a carbonaceous material matrix,
the at least one first metal oxide is in the carbonaceous material matrix, and M is at least one metal selected from Groups 2 to 13 and 15 and 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements, and
an amount of the first metal oxide is 0.3 wt % or greater based on a total amount of the composite positive active material, and
wherein the shell further comprises a second metal oxide represented by Formula M a O c , wherein 0<a≤3 and 0<c≤4, provided that when a is 1, 2, or 3, c is an integer,
the second metal oxide comprises a metal identical to the first metal oxide, and
a ratio of a to c, c/a, in the second metal oxide is greater than a ratio of a to b, b/a, in the first metal oxide.
2 . The positive electrode of claim 1 , wherein the amount of the first metal oxide is in a range of about 0.3 wt % to about 1.8 wt % based on the total amount of the composite positive active material.
3 . The positive electrode of claim 1 , wherein voids are between adjacent particles of the composite positive active material.
4 . The positive electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first metal oxide comprises at least one metal selected from Al, Nb, Mg, Sc, Ti, Zr, V, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Pd, Cu, Ag, Zn, Sb, and Se.
5 . The positive electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first metal oxide is at least one selected from Al 2 O z , wherein 0<z<3, NbO x , wherein 0<x<2.5, MgO x , wherein 0<x<1, Sc 2 O z , wherein 0<z<3, TiO y , wherein 0<y<2, ZrO y , wherein 0<y<2, V 2 O z , wherein 0<z<3, WO y , wherein 0<y<2, MnO y , wherein 0<y<2, Fe 2 O z , wherein 0<z<3, Co 3 O w , wherein 0<w<4, PdO x , wherein 0<x<1, CuO x , wherein 0<x<1, AgO x , wherein 0<x<1, ZnO x , wherein 0<x<1, Sb 2 O z , wherein 0<z<3, and SeO y , wherein 0<y<2.
6 . The positive electrode of claim 1 , wherein the second metal oxide is selected from Al 2 O 3 , NbO, NbO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , MgO, Sc 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , V 2 O 3 , WO 2 , MnO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , Co 3 O 4 , PdO, CuO, AgO, ZnO, Sb 2 O 3 , and SeO 2 .
7 . The positive electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first metal oxide is a reduction product of the second metal oxide.
8 . The positive electrode of claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the shell is in a range of about 1 nm to about 5 μm.
9 . The positive electrode of claim 1 , further comprising: a third metal coated on the core or a third metal oxide coated on the core,
wherein the shell is on the third metal or third metal oxide, and
the third metal oxide is an oxide of the third metal, and the third metal is selected from Al, Zr, W, and Co.
10 . The positive electrode of claim 1 , wherein an average diameter of at least one selected from the first metal oxide and the second metal oxide is in a range of about 1 nm to about 1 μm.
11 . The positive electrode of claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material matrix has a branched structure, the first metal oxide is distributed in the branched structure, and
the branched structure comprises a plurality of carbonaceous material particles in contact with one another.
12 . The positive electrode of claim 1 , wherein the lithium transition metal oxide is represented by Formula 1:
Li a Ni x CO y M z O 2-b A b Formula 1
wherein, in Formula 1,
0.9≤a≤1.2, O≤b≤0.2, 0.8≤x≤0.95, 0≤y≤0.2, 0<z≤0.2, and x+y+z=1,
M is manganese (Mn), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), magnesium (Mg), gallium (Ga), silicon (Si), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), boron (B), or a combination thereof, and
A is F, S, Cl, Br, or a combination thereof.
13 . A lithium battery comprising the positive electrode according to claim 1 .
14 . A method of manufacturing a positive electrode, the method comprising:
providing a composite positive active material;
preparing a positive active material composition comprising the composite positive active material and a binder; and
preparing a positive electrode by providing the positive active material composition or a dry matter thereof on a positive electrode current collector,
wherein the composite positive active material comprises: a core comprising a lithium transition metal oxide; and a shell on and conformed to a surface of the core,
the shell comprises: at least one first metal oxide represented by Formula M a O b , wherein 0<a≤3 and 0<b<4, provided that when a is 1, 2, or 3, b is not an integer; and a carbonaceous material matrix,
the at least one first metal oxide is in the carbonaceous material matrix, and M is at least one metal selected from Groups 2 to 13 and 15 and 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements, and
an amount of the first metal oxide is 0.3 wt % or greater based on a total amount of the composite positive active material, and
wherein the shell further comprises a second metal oxide represented by Formula M a O c , wherein 0<a≤3 and 0<c≤4, provided that when a is 1, 2, or 3, c is an integer,
the second metal oxide comprises a metal identical to the first metal oxide, and
a ratio of a to c, c/a, in the second metal oxide is greater than a ratio of a to b, b/a, in the first metal oxide.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the providing of the composite positive active material comprises:
providing a lithium transition metal oxide;
providing a first composite; and
mechanically milling the lithium transition metal oxide and the first composite.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein an average diameter of the first composite is in a range of about 1 μm to about 20 μm.