Autonomous reconfigurable intelligent surface using antennas and power-dependent switchable rectification mechanism
The technology described herein is directed towards a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) that harvests RF energy from incoming signals based on energy harvesting antennas and associated energy harvesting circuitry. At the same time RIS elements (unit cells) redirect the incoming signals towards a predetermined direction. The harvested energy is combined and converted to DC power using a harvesting circuit. In one implementation, a dual-mode energy harvesting circuit employs a higher power rectifier subcircuit and a lower power rectifier subcircuit, with a multiport circulator and switch that self-actuates to use one or the other rectifier subcircuit based on the combined RF input power captured by the energy harvesting antennas. A multiple battery approach is described, in which one battery is charging based on the converted DC power, another, previously-charged battery is powering the reconfigurable intelligent surface components.
1 . A system, comprising:
a reconfigurable intelligent surface that redirects an incoming electromagnetic signal as a redirected electromagnetic signal;
respective unit cells of the reconfigurable intelligent surface, the respective unit cells comprising respective variable tuning devices that are controllable to determine at least one of: a shape, a direction, or an amplitude of the redirected electromagnetic signal;
respective power harvesting antennas of the reconfigurable intelligent surface, the respective power harvesting antennas arranged to obtain harvested electrical energy from the incoming electromagnetic signal; and
electrical charging circuitry coupled between the respective power harvesting antennas and an energy storage device, the electrical charging circuitry configured to convert the harvested electrical energy from the respective power harvesting antennas to direct current that charges the energy storage device.
2 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrical charging circuitry comprises a wide power range rectifier circuit, comprising a power-dependent radio frequency switch that self-actuates at a defined high radio frequency power level, resulting in coupling a first higher power rectifier subcircuit to the harvested electrical energy to output the direct current that charges the energy storage device, and self-de-actuates below the defined high radio frequency power level, resulting in coupling a second lower power rectifier subcircuit to the harvested electrical energy to output the direct current that charges the energy storage device.
3 . The system of claim 2 , wherein the first higher power rectifier subcircuit comprises a first multistage rectifier subcircuit having an even number of stages, and wherein the second lower power rectifier subcircuit comprises a second multistage rectifier subcircuit having an odd number of stages.
4 . The system of claim 2 , wherein the harvested electrical energy is combined and coupled to a first port of a multiport circulator device, the multiport circulator device having a second port coupled to the power-dependent radio frequency radio switch used to couple the first higher power rectifier subcircuit to the harvested electrical energy in response to the power-dependent radio frequency radio switch self-actuating, and a third port coupled to the second lower power rectifier subcircuit used to couple the second lower power rectifier subcircuit to the harvested electrical energy in response to the power-dependent radio frequency radio switch self-de-actuating.
5 . The system of claim 2 , wherein the power-dependent radio frequency switch comprises vanadium dioxide.
6 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage device comprises a first battery, and further comprises a second battery, a controller, and a switch that is operational in a first state to couple the first battery to the electrical charging circuitry, in conjunction with the second battery providing power to the controller and to the respective variable tuning devices of the respective first unit cells, the respective variable tuning devices controllable by the controller to determine the at least one of: the shape, the direction, or the amplitude of the redirected electromagnetic signal.
7 . The system of claim 6 , wherein the switch is operational in a second state to couple the second battery to the electrical charging circuitry, in conjunction with the first battery providing power to the controller and to the respective variable tuning devices of the respective first unit cells.
8 . The system of claim 7 , further comprising a power management unit that toggles the switch between the first state and the second state based on at least one of: a first level of charge of the first battery, or a second level of charge of the second battery.
9 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrical charging circuitry comprises a radio frequency power combiner comprising inputs electrically coupled to respective electrical contacts of the respective energy harvesting antennas.
10 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the respective energy harvesting antennas comprise an antenna array of at least four antennas.
11 . A system, comprising:
a reconfigurable intelligent surface of unit cells for redirection of incoming electromatic signals as redirected electromatic signals;
an antenna array of the reconfigurable intelligent surface, wherein the antenna array harvests electrical energy from the incoming electromatic signals, and wherein respective antennas of the antenna array are coupled to respective energy harvesting contacts;
electrical charging circuitry, comprising:
radio frequency (RF) power combiner circuitry coupled to the respective energy harvesting contacts to combine the electrical energy from the respective energy harvesting contacts into combined RF input, and
a wide power range rectifier circuit, comprising:
a switch that self-actuates into a closed state at a defined high RF power level, and self-de-actuates into an open state below the defined high RF power level;
a circulator comprising a first input port coupled to the combined RF input, a second output port coupled to the switch, and a third output port coupled to a lower power multistage rectifier, wherein
in the closed state, the circulator routes the combined RF input through the switch to a higher power multistage rectifier that outputs first direct current (DC) power to a DC power combiner, and
in the open state, the circulator routes the combined RF input to the lower power multistage rectifier that outputs second DC power to the DC power combiner; and
an energy storage device coupled to the DC power combiner to charge the energy storage device based on the electrical energy harvested from the respective energy harvesting contacts.
12 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the higher power multistage rectifier comprises a first multistage rectifier subcircuit having ten stages, and wherein the lower power multistage rectifier comprises a second multistage rectifier subcircuit having seven stages.
13 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the energy storage device is a first energy storage device, wherein the switch is a first switch, and further comprising a controller, and a second switch that is operational in a first state to couple the first energy storage device to the electrical charging circuitry, in conjunction with a second energy storage device providing power to the controller and to respective variable tuning devices of respective unit cells of the reconfigurable intelligent surface, the respective variable tuning devices controllable by the controller to determine at least one of: a shape, a direction, or an amplitude of a redirected instance from the respective unit cells of the impinging RF electromagnetic signal.
14 . The system of claim 13 , wherein the second switch is operational in a second state to couple the second battery to the electrical charging circuitry, in conjunction with the first battery providing power to the controller and to the respective variable tuning devices of the respective second unit cells.
15 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the energy storage device comprises at least one of: a battery, or a capacitor.
16 . A method, comprising:
obtaining, by a system comprising a controller coupled to a reconfigurable intelligent surface, an incoming electromagnetic wave impinging on the reconfigurable intelligent surface;
redirecting, by the system via respective unit cells of the reconfigurable intelligent surface, a redirected instance of the impinging electromagnetic wave as a beam, the beam comprising beam characteristics corresponding to respective variable phase shifts, as controlled by the controller, of respective variable tuning elements of the respective unit cells;
harvesting, by the system via at least one antenna deployed with the reconfigurable intelligent surface, radio frequency (RF) electrical energy from the impinging electromagnetic wave;
rectifying the RF electrical energy into direct current via a first multistage rectifier in response to the RF electrical energy being determined to satisfy a power crossover level, or via a second multistage rectifier in response to the RF electrical energy being determined not to satisfy the power crossover level;
charging, by the system, a first battery with the direct current; and
powering, by the system, the controller and the respective tuning elements variable of the respective unit cells from a second battery previously charged based on previous RF electrical energy obtained from the at least one antenna and previously rectified into previous direct current.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the at least one antenna comprises an antenna array comprising at least four respective antennas, and further comprising combining, by the system, respective electrical energy from respective harvesting contacts coupled to the respective antennas into combined RF electrical energy.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the harvesting of the RF electrical energy comprises coupling the respective harvesting contacts to at least one RF power combiner that combines the respective electrical energy from the respective harvesting contacts into the combined RF electrical energy.
19 . The method of claim 16 , further comprising switching, by the system, to charge the second battery based on the direct current, and to power the controller and respective tuning elements of the respective first unit cells from the first battery, the switching based on at least one of: a first level of charge of the first battery, or a second level of charge of the second battery.
20 . The method of claim 16 , further comprising coupling, by the system, the RF electrical energy from a multiport circulator device to the first multistage rectifier via a switch that, in response to the combined RF electrical energy being determined to satisfy the power crossover level, self-actuates to couple the RF electrical energy from the multiport circulator device to the first multistage rectifier.