Multi-stage electric compressor energy consumption optimization
Compressed gas delivery systems and controllers. A multi-stage compressor system operation with series compressors is optimized by a controller by using inter-stage pressure as a control parameter for optimization to provide reduced power consumption. A multi-compressor system with parallel compressors is controlled using optimized operation parameters for each of several parallel compressors to provide reduced power consumption.
1 . A controller for multi-stage compressor system for providing pressurized gas to a tank, the tank having an outlet coupled to at least one pressurized gas consuming apparatus, the compressor system having:
a first compressor having a first inlet, a first outlet, a first impeller, and a first motor coupled to the first impeller;
a second compressor having a second inlet, a second outlet, a second impeller, and a second motor coupled to the second impeller;
wherein the first compressor is coupled in series with the second compressor such that the first outlet feeds gas to the second inlet;
wherein the controller is configured to control operation of the first and second compressors as follows:
determining a requested mass flow through the compressor system;
receiving a desired tank pressure and a measured ambient pressure;
calculating a target interstage pressure for gas fed from the first outlet to the second inlet by minimizing a sum of power used by the first compressor to obtain a first pressure ratio of ambient pressure to target interstage pressure at the requested mass flow, and power used by the second compressor to obtain a second pressure ratio of target interstage pressure to tank pressure at the requested mass flow; and
controlling by control signals issued by the controller, the first and second compressors to achieve the target interstage pressure.
2 . The controller of claim 1 , wherein the first compressor is a centrifugal compressor, and the second compressor is a centrifugal compressor.
3 . The controller of claim 1 , wherein the step of minimizing a sum of power is performed within compressor speed limits for each of the first compressor and the second compressor.
4 . The controller of claim 1 , wherein the step of determining a requested mass flow through the compressor system is performed by the controller:
receiving a requested mass flow through the system;
receiving a measured mass flow through the system; and
applying a proportional-integral-derivative control to calculate the requested mass flow from the requested mass flow and the measured mass flow.
5 . The controller of claim 1 , wherein the step of minimizing a sum of power used by the first compressor to obtain a first pressure ratio of ambient pressure to target interstage pressure at the requested mass flow, and power used by the second compressor to obtain a second pressure ratio of target interstage pressure to tank pressure at the requested mass flow, is performed by the controller:
selecting a portion of a first compressor map for the first compressor using the requested mass flow, and identifying one or more possible first pressure ratios and first impeller speeds to determine a one or more possible first compressor powers;
selecting a portion of a second compressor map for the second compressor using the requested mass flow, and identifying one or more possible second pressure ratios and second impeller speeds to determine a one or more possible second compressor powers;
determining a plurality of pairings of the possible first compressor powers with the possible second compressor powers, the first and second pressure ratios of each pairing delivering the desired tank pressure;
determining combined powers of each pairing, each combined power being a sum of a possible first compressor power and a possible second compressor power; and
selecting a pairing having the lowest combined power.
6 . A multi-stage compressor system for providing pressurized gas to a tank, the tank having an inlet and an outlet coupled to at least one pressurized gas consuming apparatus, the compressor system having:
a first compressor having a first inlet, a first outlet, a first impeller, and a first motor coupled to the first impeller;
a second compressor having a second inlet, a second outlet, a second impeller, and a second motor coupled to the second impeller; and
a controller as in claim 1 ;
wherein the first compressor is coupled in series with the second compressor such that the first outlet feeds gas to the second inlet;
wherein the second outlet is coupled to the tank.
7 . A controller for multi-stage compressor system for providing pressurized gas to a tank, the tank having an outlet coupled to at least one pressurized gas consuming apparatus, the compressor system including a plurality of compressor stages each comprising a compressor having an inlet, an outlet, an impeller, and a motor, wherein the compressor stages are coupled in sequence such that a first compressor stage inlet receives ambient air, and a last compressor stage outlet is coupled to the tank, and at least one interstage connection exists between the plurality of compressor stages, the at least one interstage connection carrying gas at an interstage pressure;
wherein the controller is configured to control operation of the plurality of compressors as follows:
determining a requested mass flow through the compressor system;
receiving a desired tank pressure and a measured ambient pressure;
calculating, for each interstage connection, a target interstage pressure minimizing a sum of power used by each compressor stage to provide the requested mass flow at the tank pressure at the last compressor stage outlet; and
controlling each compressor stage by the controller issuing control signals, to achieve the target interstage pressure for each interstage connection.
8 . The controller of claim 7 , wherein each compressor stage is a centrifugal compressor.
9 . The controller of claim 7 , wherein the step of minimizing a sum of power is performed within compressor speed limits for each compressor stage.
10 . The controller of claim 7 , wherein the step of determining a requested mass flow through the compressor system is performed by the controller:
receiving a requested mass flow through the system;
receiving a measured mass flow through the system; and
applying a proportional-integral-derivative control to calculate the requested mass flow from the requested mass flow and the measured mass flow.
11 . A multi-stage compressor system for providing pressurized gas to a tank, the tank having an inlet and an outlet coupled to at least one pressurized gas consuming apparatus, the compressor system having:
a plurality of compressor stages each comprising a compressor having an inlet, an outlet, an impeller, and a motor, wherein the compressor stages are coupled in sequence such that a first compressor stage inlet receives ambient air, and a last compressor stage outlet is coupled to the tank, and at least one interstage connection exists between the plurality of compressor stages, the at least one interstage connection carrying gas at an interstage pressure; and
a controller as in claim 7 .
12 . A controller for a compressor system for providing pressurized gas to a tank, the tank having an outlet coupled to at least one pressurized gas consuming apparatus, the compressor system having a plurality of compressors coupled in parallel to one another to deliver compressed gas to the tank; each of the plurality of compressors characterized by a best efficiency point for operation, each respective best efficiency point having a respective mass flow and power consumption, the controller configured to control operation of the plurality of compressors by:
determining and storing a plurality of optimized system operating points for the compressor system, each optimized system operating point corresponding to operation of a selected subset of the compressors at a respective best efficiency point, each of the plurality of optimized system operating points characterized by a total mass flow calculated as a sum of mass flows of the selected subset and an optimized specific energy consumption calculated as a ratio of a sum of power for the selected subset divided by the total mass flow of the optimized system operating point;
determining a requested mass flow through the compressor system;
identifying all optimized system operating points having a total mass flow exceeding the requested mass flow as possible first solutions; selecting the possible first solution having the least optimized specific energy consumption as a filling configuration for use during a filling operation of the compressor system; and controlling, by control signals issued by the controller, a filling operation of the compressor system to achieve the filling configuration with the plurality of compressors.
13 . The controller of claim 12 , wherein the controller is configured to maintain pressure in the air tank between a maximum limit and a minimum limit by:
receiving a measured pressure in the tank;
in response to the measured pressure dropping below the minimum limit, issuing control signals to execute the filling operation using the filling configuration until a measured pressure in the tank exceeds or meets the maximum limit, and then terminating the filling operation.
14 . The controller of claim 12 , wherein the controller is further configured to:
identify any optimized system operating points having a total mass flow that is greater than zero and less than the requested mass flow and an optimized specific energy consumption that exceeds the optimized specific energy consumption of the filling solution as possible second solutions; selecting one of the possible second solutions as a maintenance state for use in a maintenance operation; and controlling, by control signals issued by the controller, a maintenance operation of the compressor system to achieve the maintenance state.
15 . The controller of claim 14 , wherein the controller is configured to maintain pressure in the air tank between a maximum limit and a minimum limit by:
receiving a measured pressure in the tank;
in response to the measured pressure dropping below the minimum limit, issuing control signals to execute the filling operation until a measured pressure in the tank exceeds or meets the maximum limit, and then terminating the filling operation;
after terminating the filling operation, executing the maintenance operation until the measured pressure drops below the minimum limit.
16 . The controller of claim 12 , wherein the controller is further configured to:
identify any optimized system operating points having a total mass flow that is greater than zero and less than the requested mass flow and an optimized specific energy consumption that exceeds the optimized specific energy consumption of the filling solution as possible second solutions; and either:
if no possible second selections are identified, determining that no maintenance state can be defined for use in a maintenance operation; or
if at least one possible second selections is identified, selecting one of the possible second solutions as a maintenance state for use in a maintenance operation; and
controlling, by control signals issued by the controller, a maintenance operation of the compressor system to achieve the maintenance state.
17 . The controller of claim 16 , wherein the controller is configured to maintain pressure in the air tank between a maximum limit and a minimum limit by:
receiving a measured pressure in the tank;
in response to the measured pressure dropping below the minimum limit, issuing control signals to execute the filling operation until a measured pressure in the tank exceeds or meets the maximum limit, and then terminating the filling operation; and, after terminating the filling operation, either:
if no maintenance state is defined, entering a null state with all compressors off until the measured pressure drops below the minimum limit; or
if a maintenance state is defined, executing the maintenance operation until the measured pressure drops below the minimum limit.
18 . The controller of claim 12 , wherein the controller is further configured to determine whether one or more stored optimized operating point is no longer optimal for a respective one of the compressors, if so, to determine and store a new optimized operating point for the respective one of the compressors.
19 . The controller of claim 12 , wherein the controller determines whether one or more of stored optimized operating points is no longer optimal by observing an error or residual determined by an operations monitor.
20 . A compressor system for providing pressurized gas to a tank, the tank having an outlet coupled to at least one pressurized gas consuming apparatus, the compressor system comprising:
a plurality of compressors coupled in parallel to one another to deliver compressed gas to the tank, each of the plurality of compressors characterized by a best efficiency point for operation, each respective best efficiency point having a respective mass flow and power consumption; and
a controller as in claim 12 .