Test strips for communicating assay data to a touchscreen, and systems for analyzing assay data received at a touchscreen
Aspects of this disclosure describe a test strip that may include a sample input, assay circuitry, signaling circuitry, impedance circuitry, and/or energy harvesting circuitry. The sample input may be configured to receive a sample, such as a fluid sample. The assay circuitry of the test strip may be configured to perform an assay on at least a portion of the fluid sample. The signaling circuitry of the test strip may be configured to provide a modulated signal based on an output of the assay. The impedance circuitry of the test strip may be configured to present impedance changes to a touchscreen of an electronic device in accordance with the modulated signal. The test strip can then communicate data of the output of the assay (e.g., test results) to the electronic device using the touchscreen of the electronic device.
1 . An apparatus comprising:
a substrate;
a sample input coupled to the substrate, wherein the sample input is configured to receive a fluid sample;
assay circuitry on the substrate, wherein the assay circuitry is configured to perform an assay on at least a portion of the fluid sample;
signaling circuitry on the substrate, the signaling circuitry configured to provide a modulated signal based on an output of the assay; and
impedance circuitry on the substrate, the impedance circuitry coupled to the signaling circuitry, the impedance circuitry configured to present impedance changes to a touchscreen of an electronic device in accordance with the modulated signal.
2 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the assay circuitry comprises electrochemical assay circuitry.
3 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the modulated signal is a pulse-width modulated signal.
4 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is configured to couple to the touchscreen of the electronic device such that the impedance changes are detected by the touchscreen as touch events.
5 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the substrate further comprises energy harvesting circuitry on the substrate, and wherein the energy harvesting circuitry is coupled to the assay circuitry, the signaling circuitry, the impedance circuitry, or combinations thereof.
6 . The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the substrate is configured to couple to the electronic device such that the energy harvesting circuitry is positioned to receive illumination from a flash of the electronic device.
7 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the assay circuitry comprises a potentiostat.
8 . A system comprising:
a test strip comprising:
assay circuitry configured to perform an assay on an input sample;
signaling circuitry configured to provide a modulated signal based on an output of the assay; and
impedance circuitry configured to present one or more impedance changes based on the modulated signal;
an electronic device comprising:
a touchscreen positioned to receive the one or more impedance changes from the impedance circuitry;
a processor; and
at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium encoded with instructions, which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to detect the one or more impedance changes.
9 . The system of claim 8 , wherein the impedance circuitry is coupled between the signaling circuitry and the touchscreen.
10 . The system of claim 8 , wherein the electronic device or an application thereof is configured to demodulate the modulated signal.
11 . The system of claim 8 , wherein the input sample comprises blood, another bodily fluid, or another non-bodily fluid.
12 . The system of claim 8 , wherein the touchscreen is a capacitive touchscreen.
13 . The system of claim 8 , wherein the electronic device comprises a display system, and wherein the touchscreen is embedded in the display system.
14 . The system of claim 13 , wherein the display system is configured to display the output of the assay based on the one or more impedance changes.
15 . A method comprising:
generating a modulated signal representative of an output of an electrochemical assay;
selecting an impedance in accordance with the modulated signal;
presenting the impedance to a touchscreen of an electronic device; and
displaying, on the touchscreen, the output of the electrochemical assay based on impedance detected by the touchscreen.
16 . The method of claim 15 further comprising detecting the impedance using the touchscreen.
17 . The method of claim 16 further comprising demodulating the modulated signal using the electronic device, an application thereof, a component thereof, or combinations thereof.
18 . The method of claim 16 further comprising interpreting the impedance as a touch event on the touchscreen.
19 . The method of claim 15 , further comprising applying a fluid sample to an input of a test strip, wherein the test strip is coupled to the touchscreen.
20 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the modulated signal comprises a pulse width modulated signal.