Selective optical detection of organic analytes in liquids
A method for detection of an organic analyte in a liquid sample, the method including: providing an assay substrate comprising a first component and a second component; the first component including a sensor molecule labeled with a quantum dot, the quantum dot immobilized to an assay substrate surface with a first linker, the sensor molecule having a specific binding site for an organic analyte, the sensor molecule labeled with the quantum dot in a position that has no effect on the organic analyte binding the specific binding site; the second component including a chemical analogue of the organic analyte, the chemical analogue labeled with a fluorescent dye, the chemical analogue linked to the quantum dot with a second linker having a length exceeding Förster radius, and the chemical analogue reversibly binding the specific binding site of the sensor molecule of the first component; applying the liquid sample to the assay substrate; illuminating the assay substrate to excite fluorescence of the quantum dot; detecting fluorescence of the fluorescent dye; determining presence of the organic analyte by detecting a decrease in fluorescence of the fluorescent dye, due to the organic analyte displacing the chemical analogue from the specific binding site and subsiding a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect between the quantum dot and the fluorescent dye.
1 . A method for detection of an organic analyte in a liquid sample, the method comprising:
(a) providing an assay substrate comprising a first component and a second component;
(i) the first component comprising a sensor molecule labeled with a quantum dot, the quantum dot immobilized to an assay substrate surface with a first linker, the sensor molecule having a specific binding site for an organic analyte, the sensor molecule labeled with the quantum dot in a position that has no effect on the organic analyte binding the specific binding site;
(ii) the second component comprising a chemical analogue of the organic analyte, the chemical analogue labeled with a fluorescent dye, the chemical analogue linked to the quantum dot with a second linker having a length exceeding Förster radius, and the chemical analogue reversibly binding the specific binding site of the sensor molecule of the first component;
(b) applying the liquid sample to the assay substrate;
(c) illuminating the assay substrate to excite fluorescence of the quantum dot;
(d) detecting fluorescence of the fluorescent dye; and
(e) determining presence of the organic analyte by detecting a decrease in fluorescence of the fluorescent dye, due to the organic analyte displacing the chemical analogue from the specific binding site and subsiding a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect between the quantum dot and the fluorescent dye.
2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising recording a time curve of the detected fluorescence.
3 . The method of claim 2 , further comprising determining a concentration of the organic analyte in the liquid sample based on the recorded time curve.
4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein determining the concentration is based on determining a relative decrease of recorded fluorescence in time from its initial value.
5 . The method of claim 2 , wherein recording of the time curve comprises repeated cycles of excitation of fluorescence of the quantum dot and detection of fluorescence of the fluorescent dye and recording a value of the detected fluorescence at predetermined time intervals.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein applying the liquid sample to the assay substrate occurs after initiating recording of the time curve.
7 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining an amount of the organic analyte in the liquid sample by measuring the decrease in the detected fluorescence of the fluorescent dye, the degree of the measured decrease corresponding to the amount of the organic analyte in the liquid sample.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second linker is sized to prevent binding of the chemical analogue with a specific binding site of a neighboring first component unlinked to the chemical analogue.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor molecule is labeled with the quantum dot by a third linker linking the sensor molecule to the quantum dot, a length of the third linker being shorter than the Förster radius and being shorter than the length of the second linker.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the assay substrate is configured to bind a plurality of types of organic analytes, a plurality of types of chemical analogues respectively labeled with a plurality of types of fluorescent markers, each one of the plurality of types of chemical analogues linked to a single quantum dot, and the detected fluorescence having multichannel or multispectral characteristics.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the assay substrate is configured to bind a plurality of types of organic analytes, a plurality of types of chemical analogues respectively labeled with a plurality of types of fluorescent markers, at least two of the plurality of types of chemical analogues linked to a single quantum dot, and the detected fluorescence having multichannel or multispectral characteristics.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the assay substrate is configured to bind a plurality of types of organic analytes, a plurality of types of sensor molecules respectively labeled with a plurality of types of quantum dots immobilized on the same assay substrate surface, and the detected fluorescence having multichannel or multispectral characteristics.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the detected fluorescence has multichannel characteristics.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the detected fluorescence has multispectral characteristics.
15 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid sample is applied an assay substrate compartment coupled to the assay substrate surface.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the assay substrate compartment limits a volume of the liquid sample applied onto the assay substrate surface and limits a thickness of interaction surface layer of the liquid sample applied onto the assay substrate.
17 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining presence of the organic analyte occurs in a thin layer of the liquid sample, the thickness of an interaction surface layer of the liquid sample on the assay substrate being limited according to the Förster radius.
18 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the assay substrate is configured with a solid and chemically stable surface that carries chemically active groups covalently linked to the first linker.
19 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid sample is applied without any preparation and/or pretreatment.
20 . The method of claim 1 , wherein detection of the organic analyte in the liquid sample is independent of sample impurity, sample viscosity and sample opacity.
21 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid sample is applied at a volume of no more than a microliter.
22 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor molecule is a protein or an oligonucleotide.
23 . The method of claim 1 , wherein preparing the assay substrate comprises reversibly binding the chemical analogue to the specific binding site of the sensor molecule of the first component to position the fluorescent dye close to the quantum dot at a distance shorter than the Förster radius to enable the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect between the quantum dot and the fluorescent dye.