Chloramine and chlorine removal material and methods for making the same
Sorbent materials are described that have enhanced performance in removing chlorine and chloramine, among other toxic compounds. The sorbent materials are formed by a process which includes steps of oxidation, adding a nitrogen-containing compound, and calcining the sorbent. The processes of forming the sorbent materials are also disclosed. The sorbent materials have excellent performance as measured by a chloramine and/or chlorine destruction number, and the sorbents retain a high nitrogen edge concentration. The sorbent materials may also be incorporated into devices such as filter assemblies.
1 . A method for making a sorbent, comprising:
providing a first sorbent feedstock which has not been exposed to a nitrogen containing precursor and selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, reactivated carbon, and a combination thereof,
oxidizing the first sorbent feedstock at a temperature of about 400° C. to about 900° C. to form an oxidized sorbent feedstock,
adding a nitrogen containing precursor to the oxidized sorbent feedstock in an amount of about 1 mole of nitrogen per 10 moles of carbon, wherein the nitrogen containing precursor is a reduced nitrogen compound, and
heating the oxidized sorbent feedstock to a temperature of at least about 400° C. under an inert atmosphere to form a calcined sorbent feedstock,
wherein the first sorbent feedstock, oxidized sorbent feedstock, and calcined sorbent feedstock are not subsequently activated with one or more of H 2 O, CO 2 , or O 2 ,
wherein the sorbent has a chloramine destruction number (CDN) of at least about 4.0,
wherein the CDN is the absolute value of the first order linear kinetic fit, multiplied by 1000, that is applied to natural log of a concentration of chloramine in water versus time, and
wherein the initial concentration of chloramine is decreased over a period of 150 minutes.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the nitrogen containing precursor has an oxidation state of −3.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the nitrogen containing precursor is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, ammonium salts, ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate, ammonium thiocyanate, azodicarbonamide, diammonium phosphate, dicyandiamide, guanidine hydrochloride, guanidine thiocyanate, guanine, melamine, thiourea, urea, and combinations thereof.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein heating the oxidized sorbent feedstock comprises heating the oxidized sorbent feedstock to a temperature of at least about 700° C.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first sorbent feedstock is activated carbon and the activated carbon is formed from bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite coal, anthracite coal, peat, nut shells, pits, coconut shell, babassu nut, macadamia nut, dende nut, peach pit, cherry pit, olive pit, walnut shell, wood, lignin, polymers, nitrogen-containing polymers, resins, petroleum pitches, rice hulls, bagasse, corn stalks, wheat hulls, graphenes, carbon nanotubes, or any combination thereof.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the steps of oxidizing, adding a nitrogen containing precursor, and heating are each individually performed from one to six (1-6) times.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first sorbent feedstock has a mean particle diameter of about 1 μm to about 4 mm.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the CDN is at least about 10.0.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the CDN is in a range of about 10.0 to about 30.0.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the CDN is based on the destruction of monochloramine.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent has a chlorine destruction number (Cl-DN) of at least about 80.0,
wherein the Cl-DN is the absolute value of the first order linear kinetic fit, multiplied by 1000, that is applied to natural log of a concentration of chlorine in water versus time,
wherein the initial concentration of chlorine is decreased over a period of 150 minutes.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the Cl-DN is in a range of about 80.0 to about 100.0.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent has a nitrogen edge concentration of at least about 0.20 atom %.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the sorbent has a nitrogen edge concentration of about 0.20 atom % to about 1.2 atom %.
15 . The method of claim 1 , wherein oxidizing the first sorbent feedstock comprises oxidizing the first sorbent feedstock in a dry atmosphere.
16 . The method of claim 1 , wherein oxidizing the first sorbent feedstock comprises oxidizing the first sorbent feedstock in a humidified atmosphere.
17 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the steps of providing, oxidizing, adding, and heating are performed in that listed order.
18 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising adding an untreated sorbent feedstock in the amount of about 5 wt. % to about 95 wt. % based on the total amount of the sorbent.
19 . A sorbent formed by a method comprising the steps of:
providing a first sorbent feedstock which has not been exposed to a nitrogen containing precursor and selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, reactivated carbon, and a combination thereof,
oxidizing the first sorbent feedstock at a temperature of about 400° C. to about 900° C. to form an oxidized sorbent feedstock,
adding a nitrogen containing precursor to the oxidized sorbent feedstock in an amount of about 1 mole of nitrogen per 10 moles of carbon, wherein the nitrogen containing precursor is a reduced nitrogen compound, and
heating the sorbent feedstock to a temperature of at least about 400° C. under an inert atmosphere to form a calcined sorbent feedstock,
wherein the first sorbent feedstock, oxidized sorbent feedstock, and calcined sorbent feedstock are not subsequently activated with one or more of H 2 O, CO 2 , or O 2 ,
wherein the sorbent has a chloramine destruction number (CDN) of at least about 4.0,
wherein the CDN is the absolute value of the first order linear kinetic fit, multiplied by 1000, that is applied to natural log of a concentration of chloramine in water versus time, and
wherein the initial concentration of chloramine is decreased over a period of 150 minutes.
20 . The sorbent of claim 19 , wherein the nitrogen containing precursor has an oxidation state of −3.
21 . The sorbent of claim 20 , wherein the nitrogen containing precursor is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate, ammonium thiocyanate, azodicarbonamide, diammonium phosphate, dicyandiamide, guanidine hydrochloride, guanidine thiocyanate, guanine, melamine, thiourea, urea, and combinations thereof.
22 . The sorbent of claim 19 , wherein the first sorbent feedstock has a mean particle diameter of about 1 μm to about 4 mm.
23 . The sorbent of claim 19 , wherein the CDN is at least about 10.0.
24 . The sorbent of claim 19 , wherein the CDN is in a range of about 10.0 to about 30.0.
25 . The sorbent of claim 19 , wherein the CDN is based on the destruction of monochloramine.
26 . The sorbent of claim 19 , wherein the sorbent has a chlorine destruction number (Cl-DN) of at least about 80.0,
wherein the Cl-DN is the absolute value of the first order linear kinetic fit, multiplied by 1000, that is applied to natural log of a concentration of chlorine in water versus time,
wherein the initial concentration of chlorine is decreased over a period of 150 minutes.
27 . The sorbent of claim 26 , wherein the Cl-DN is about 80.0 to about 100.0.
28 . The sorbent of claim 19 , wherein the sorbent has a nitrogen edge concentration of at least about 0.20 atom %.
29 . The sorbent of claim 28 , wherein the sorbent has a nitrogen edge concentration of about 0.20 atom % to about 1.2 atom %.
30 . The sorbent of claim 19 , further comprising an untreated sorbent feedstock in the amount of about 5 wt. % to about 95 wt. % based on the total amount of the sorbent.
31 . A filter assembly comprising the sorbent of claim 19 .
32 . The sorbent of claim 19 , wherein the activated carbon or the reactivated carbon is formed from one or more of bituminous coal, lignite coal, anthracite coal, peat, nut shells, pits, coconut shell, babassu nut, macadamia nut, dende nut, peach pit, cherry pit, olive pit, walnut shell, wood, lignin, polymers, resins, petroleum pitches, bagasse, rice hulls, corn husks, wheat hulls and chaff, graphenes, and carbon nanotubes.