Blood indicators of Alzheimer's disease
Presented herein are methods of identifying a subject who has, or is at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease comprising determining a presence or amount of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate or taurine in the blood, or a blood product, obtained from the subject. Also presented herein are methods of preventing, treating or delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
1 . A method of identifying and treating a subject who has, or is suspected of having Alzheimer's disease comprising:
(a) determining an amount of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate in a sample obtained from the subject,
(b) determining that if the subject has, or is suspected of having Alzheimer's disease according to the amount of the 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate in the sample, and
(c) administering a therapeutically effective amount of an Alzheimer's disease drug to the subject, wherein the Alzheimer's disease drug is selected from the group consisting of ralitoline, phenytoin, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, lidocaine, tetrodotoxin, nitroindazole, a sulforaphane or sulforaphane analogue, gabapentin, pregabalin, mirogabalin, gabapentin enacarbil, phenibut, imagabalin, atagabalin, 4-methylpregabalin, PD-217,014, riluzole, edaravone, tetrabenazine, haloperidol, risperidone, quetiapine, amantadine, levetiracetam, clonazepam, citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, olanzapine, valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, a vaccine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, memantine, an antidepressant, an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, an omega-3 fatty acid, curcumin or a curcumin derivative, vitamin E, a sleep aid, an anti-anxiety drug, an anti-convulsant, an anti-psychotic, carbidopa-levodopa, amantadine, a dopamine agonists, a Monoamine Oxidase Type B (MAO-B) inhibitor, a Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, and an anticholinergic.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein (a) further comprises determining an amount of taurine, and (b) comprises determining that the subject has, or is suspected of having Alzheimer's disease according to the amount of the 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate and taurine in the sample.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is determined in (b) to have or to be at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease when the amount of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate is above a predetermined threshold amount.
4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the amount of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate above the predetermined threshold amount is an amount that is selected from the group consisting of about 20-fold, about 19-fold, about 18-fold, about 17-fold, about 16-fold, about 15-fold, about 14-fold, about 13 fold, about 12 fold, about 11 fold, about 10.5 fold, about 10 fold, about 9.5 fold, about 9 fold, about 8.5 fold, about 8 fold, about 7.5 fold, about 7 fold, about 6.5 fold, about 6 fold, about 5.5 fold, about 5 fold, about 4.5 fold, about 4 fold, about 3.5 fold, about 3 fold, about 2.9 fold, about 2.8 fold, about 2.7 fold, about 2.6 fold, about 2.5 fold, about 2.4 fold, about 2.3 fold, about 2.2 fold, about 2 fold, about 1.9 fold, about 1.8 fold, about 1.7 fold, about 1.6 fold, about 1.5 fold, about 1.4 fold, about 1.3 fold, about 1.2, and about 1.1 fold higher than the predetermined threshold amount.
5 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the predetermined threshold amount is an average, mean, absolute or maximum amount of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate that is present in one or more healthy control subjects.
6 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the determining of the amount in (a) comprises determining a ratio of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate to taurine, and the determining of (b) comprises determining that the subject has, or is suspected of having Alzheimer's disease according to the ratio of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate to taurine in the sample.
7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the subject is determined in (b) to have or to be suspected of having Alzheimer's disease when the ratio of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate to taurine is above a predetermined threshold amount.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the ratio of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate to taurine that is above the predetermined threshold amount is a ratio that is selected from the group consisting of about 20-fold, about 19-fold, about 18-fold, about 17-fold, about 16-fold, about 15-fold, about 14-fold, about 13 fold, about 12 fold, about 11 fold, about 10.5 fold, about 10 fold, about 9.5 fold, about 9 fold, about 8.5 fold, about 8 fold, about 7.5 fold, about 7 fold, about 6.5 fold, about 6 fold, about 5.5 fold, about 5 fold, about 4.5 fold, about 4 fold, about 3.5 fold, about 3 fold, about 2.9 fold, about 2.8 fold, about 2.7 fold, about 2.6 fold, about 2.5 fold, about 2.4 fold, about 2.3 fold, about 2.2 fold, about 2 fold, about 1.9 fold, about 1.8 fold, about 1.7 fold, about 1.6 fold, about 1.5 fold, about 1.4 fold, about 1.3 fold, about 1.2, and about 1.1 fold higher than the predetermined threshold amount.
9 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the predetermined threshold amount is an average, mean, absolute or maximum amount of a ratio of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate to taurine present in one or more healthy control subjects.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the Alzheimer's disease drug is selected from ralitoline, phenytoin, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, lidocaine, tetrodotoxin, riluzole, edaravone, gabapentin, pregabalin, mirogabalin, gabapentin enacarbil, phenibut, imagabalin, atagabalin, 4-methylpregabalin, PD-217,014, trihexyphenidyl, amitriptyline, baclofen, diazepam and CK-2127107.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample comprises blood or a blood product.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the blood product comprises or consists of plasma.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a mammal.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the mammal is a non-human primate.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the non-human primate is a vervet.
16 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a human.
17 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is asymptomatic for Alzheimer's disease.
18 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising monitoring the progression of Alzheimer's disease in the subject, wherein the method is conducted two or more times.
19 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is not diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease prior to the determining of (b).
20 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is an ex vivo method.
21 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is an in vitro method.