Hydrogen production and carbon sequestration via high temperature cracking of natural gas in an inductively heated fluidized carbon particle bed
Embodiments of the invention relate to systems and methods for cracking hydrocarbons into hydrogen gas and carbon using heating of a fluidized bed. The systems and methods utilize electrically conductive carbon or graphite particles as a fluidized bed material for heating hydrocarbon feedstock to at least a pyrolysis temperature. The electrically conductive carbon, graphite, or other particles may be heated by electrically powered sources that include induction heating, microwave heating, millimeter wave heating, joule heating and/or plasma heating. Combustion heating may also be employed in varying amounts with varying combinations of electrically powered heating sources.
1 . A system for cracking hydrocarbons into hydrogen gas and carbon, the system comprising:
a reactor having a reaction chamber therein;
a bed of particles disposed in the reaction chamber, the bed of particles including one or more of electrically conductive carbon, graphite, or other particles; and
an induction unit surrounding the bed of particles, the induction unit having induction coils for producing heat in the bed of particles; and
one or more plasma arc electrodes in the reactor for providing an electric arc within the bed of particles.
2 . The system of claim 1 wherein the reactor includes an updraft reactor and the bed of particles includes a fluidized bed.
3 . The system of claim 1 wherein the reactor includes a feed inlet at a bottom of the reaction chamber.
4 . The system of claim 1 wherein the particles consist essentially of carbon particles.
5 . The system of claim 1 wherein a lateral dimension of the reaction chamber where the fluidized bed is disposed varies as a function of height above a bottom of the reaction chamber.
6 . The system of claim 1 , further comprising one or more microwave heaters for providing microwave heating to the bed of particles.
7 . The system of claim 1 , further comprising a recuperator fluidly coupled to an output of the reactor and configured to recover thermal energy from products of the reactor.
8 . The system of claim 1 , further comprising a recuperator operably coupled to the feed inlet and configured to preheat a hydrocarbon feedstock circulated therethrough.
9 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more plasma arc electrodes include at least two electrodes in electrical contact with the bed of particles, wherein the at least two electrodes are spaced from each other such that when connected to a power supply, electric current passes from one electrode to at least the second electrode to produce heat.
10 . The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the reactor includes one or more of at least one joule heating electrode or at least one microwave heater; and
the reactor is configured to selectively heat the bed of particles via a combination of at least two of induction heating, plasma heating, microwave heating, or joule heating.
11 . The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a feed inlet at a bottom of the reaction chamber; and
a feed conduit in fluid communication with a feed source and the feed inlet, the feed conduit being disposed at least partially within a wall of the reactor to pre-heat the hydrocarbon feedstock.
12 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the induction coils are hollow and are configured as the feed conduit.
13 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the bed of particles includes at least one of electrically conductive particles including one or more of carbon particles, graphite particles, carbon pellets, graphite pellets, graphite rods, carbon powder, graphite powder, magnetic particles, porous carbon particles, carbon coated particles, carbon coated metals, or carbon black.
14 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the bed of particles includes catalytic particles.
15 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the bed of particles is free of metal catalyst material.
16 . The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the induction coils include a first induction coil and a second induction coil vertically spaced from the first induction coil; and
the first induction coils and the second induction coils are configured to independently heat the reaction chamber to provide at least two zones having different temperatures therein.
17 . A system for cracking hydrocarbons into hydrogen gas and carbon, the system comprising:
a reactor having a rection chamber therein;
a bed of particles disposed in the reaction chamber, the bed of particles including one or more of electrically conductive carbon, graphite, or other particles; and
at least two electrodes in electrical contact with the bed of particles, wherein the at least two electrodes are spaced from each other such that when connected to a power supply, electric current passes from one electrode to at least the second electrode to produce heat.