Monitoring for unstable approach of aircraft using specific energy
The present disclosure provides a method of monitoring for an unstable approach of an aircraft during flight in one aspect, the method including: determining, using values of a ground speed and a height of the aircraft derived from measurements acquired during the flight, a specific energy of the aircraft during an approach phase of the flight. The method further includes determining a reference specific energy of the aircraft, defining an energy range relative to the reference specific energy, and visually displaying, using a first flight instrument of the aircraft, an indicator of the specific energy relative to the energy range.
1 . A method of monitoring for an unstable approach of an aircraft during flight, the method comprising:
determining, using values of a ground speed and a height of the aircraft derived from measurements acquired during the flight, a specific energy of the aircraft during an approach phase of the flight;
determining a reference specific energy of the aircraft;
defining an energy range relative to the reference specific energy; and
visually displaying, using a first flight instrument of the aircraft, an indicator of the specific energy relative to the energy range.
2 . The method of claim 1 ,
wherein the first flight instrument comprises a primary flight display (PFD),
wherein the indicator of the specific energy comprises a graphical element overlaid on a vertical crossbar of a flight director (FD) of the PFD, and
wherein one or both of a position and a color of the graphical element is based on the specific energy.
3 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
visually displaying, using a second flight instrument of the aircraft, an indicator of an actual indicated airspeed relative to a reference speed according to a selected landing flap setting.
4 . The method of claim 3 ,
wherein the second flight instrument comprises a primary flight display (PFD),
wherein the indicator of the actual indicated airspeed comprises an airspeed readout of an airspeed indicator of the PFD, and
wherein a color of the airspeed readout is based on the actual indicated airspeed.
5 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
visually displaying, using a third flight instrument of the aircraft, an indicator of a vertical speed.
6 . The method of claim 5 ,
wherein the third flight instrument comprises a primary flight display (PFD),
wherein the indicator of the vertical speed comprises one or both of a vertical speed readout and a vertical speed pointer of a vertical speed indicator of the PFD, and
wherein a color of the indicator is based on the vertical speed.
7 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
comparing the specific energy with one or more limits of the energy range; and
presenting, when the specific energy exceeds a limit of the energy range, an audiovisual warning using a fourth flight instrument of the aircraft.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the audiovisual warning comprises a textual warning displayed on a scratchpad of the fourth flight instrument.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the reference specific energy is a sum of a reference ground speed term, and a reference height term based on a threshold elevation.
10 . A method of identifying an unstable approach of an aircraft, performed using a flight management system (FMS) of the aircraft, the method comprising:
determining a reference specific energy of the aircraft, wherein determining the reference specific energy of the aircraft comprises:
determining a reference ground speed term comprising a reference speed according to a selected landing flap setting; and
determining a reference height term based in part on data retrieved from a navigation database of the FMS;
defining an energy range relative to the reference specific energy;
determining, using an actual height and an actual ground speed of the aircraft, a specific energy of the aircraft during an approach phase of a flight; and
generating a signal to cause an indicator of the specific energy of the aircraft, relative to the energy range, to be visually displayed using a flight instrument of the aircraft.
11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the reference specific energy comprises a sum of the reference ground speed term and the reference height term.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the reference ground speed term comprises a sum of a reference speed according to a selected landing flap setting, a headwind term, and a speed adjustment term.
13 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the reference height term comprises one of the following:
when a distance of the aircraft to a runway threshold is between a predetermined distance value and a final approach fix (FAF), a product of the distance and a tangent of an approach phase path angle, plus an altitude of the FAF, minus a threshold elevation, and
when the distance is between the FAF and a point that is a predetermined height value above the runway threshold, a product of the distance and a tangent of a final approach path angle, minus the threshold elevation.
14 . The method of claim 10 , wherein defining the energy range comprises:
determining a minimum limit as a product of a first gain value and the reference specific energy; and
determining a maximum limit as a product of a second gain value and the reference specific energy.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein defining the energy range further comprises:
receiving one or more user inputs for the first gain value and the second gain value; and
determining whether the first gain value and the second gain value are within a permissible range that is based on a margin value.
16 . The method of claim 14 ,
wherein defining the energy range further comprises:
determining a first intermediate limit between the reference specific energy and the minimum limit; and
determining a second intermediate limit between the reference specific energy and the maximum limit, and
wherein the method further comprises:
generating a first signal to cause a flight instrument of the aircraft to present a first audiovisual warning responsive to the specific energy of the aircraft exceeding the first intermediate limit or the second intermediate limit; and
generating a second signal to cause the flight instrument to present a second audiovisual warning responsive to the specific energy of the aircraft exceeding the minimum limit or the maximum limit.
17 . A system comprising:
one or more computer processors; and
a memory storing instructions that when executed by the one or more computer processors enable performance of an operation of identifying an unstable approach of an aircraft, the operation comprising:
determining a reference specific energy of the aircraft, wherein determining the reference specific energy of the aircraft comprises:
determining a reference ground speed term comprising a reference speed according to a selected landing flap setting; and
determining a reference height term based in part on data retrieved from a navigation database;
defining an energy range relative to the reference specific energy;
determining, using an actual height and an actual ground speed of the aircraft, a specific energy of the aircraft during an approach phase; and
generating a signal to cause an indicator of the specific energy of the aircraft, relative to the energy range, to be visually displayed using a flight instrument of the aircraft.
18 . The system of claim 17 , wherein the reference specific energy comprises a sum of the reference ground speed term and the reference height term.
19 . The system of claim 17 , wherein defining the energy range comprises:
determining a minimum limit as a product of a first gain value and the reference specific energy; and
determining a maximum limit as a product of a second gain value and the reference specific energy.
20 . The system of claim 17 , the operation further comprising:
comparing the specific energy with one or more limits of the energy range; and
presenting, when the specific energy exceeds a limit of the energy range, an audiovisual warning using a second flight instrument of the aircraft.