Compositions and methods for decontamination of surfaces
Disclosed are methods and compounds useful for forming coatings applied to porous and non-porous surfaces to make the surface antimicrobial and to protect against contaminants. The coatings are formed from phenolic compounds present in a solvent either alone or in combination with other compounds, such as metallic salts.
1 . A method of forming a coating on a substrate comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a solution consisting of a phenolic compound and a low-valent metallic salt both placed in a solvent, wherein
(i) the phenolic compound comprises phenolic molecules and the low-valent metallic salt comprises metal ions that chelate to link the phenolic molecules,
(ii) the phenolic compound is present in the solution at a concentration between 0.001 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL, and
(iii) less than 50% of the phenolic molecules are covalently polymerized; and
(b) contacting at least part of a substrate with the solution, wherein the phenolic molecules create a coating disposed on the substrate.
2 . The method of forming a coating of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic molecules comprise at least two adjacent hydroxyl groups.
3 . The method of forming a coating of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic compound is selected from one or more of tannic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, resveratrol, persimmon tannin, grapeseed extract, gallnut extract, proanthocyanidins, pyrogallol, epigallocatechin gallate, pyrocatechol, or catechin.
4 . The method of forming a coating of claim 1 , wherein:
(a) the phenolic compound comprises tannic acid at a concentration between 0.004 mg/mL and 1.5 mg/mL; and
(b) the solvent comprises water.
5 . The method of forming a coating of claim 1 , wherein:
(a) the phenolic compound comprises tannic acid at a concentration between 1 mg/ml and 12 mg/mL; and
(b) the solvent comprises an ethanol solution.
6 . The method of forming a coating of claim 1 , wherein the low-valent metallic salt is selected from one or more of silver nitrate, silver chloride, copper chloride, zinc chloride, or zirconyl chloride.
7 . The method of forming a coating of claim 6 , wherein:
(a) the phenolic molecules bind to the substrate;
(b) the substrate is washed with a soap; and
(c) the coating remains disposed on the substrate following the wash.
8 . The method of forming a coating of claim 1 , wherein the low-valent metallic salt comprises silver.
9 . The method of forming a coating of claim 8 , wherein the low-valent metallic salt is selected from one or more of silver sulfide, silver bromide, silver iodide, 2-benzothiazolethiol silver salt, saccharin silver salt, 2-cyano-hydroxyimino-acetamide silver salt, phosphoenolpyruvic acid silver barium salt, 4-hydroxy-1 (2H)-phthalazinone silver salt, silver lactate, silver acetate, silver citrate, Silver 2,4-pentanedionate, Silver benzoate hydrate, silver arsenate, mercury (II) silver iodide, silver carbonate, silver chromate, silver cyanate, silver cyanide, silver cyclohexanebutyrate, silver diethyldithiocarbamate, silver heptafluorobutyrate, silver hexafluorobutyrate, potassium silver cyanide, silver behenate, silver fluoride, silver hydrogenfluoride, silver hexafluoroarsenate, Silver hexafluorophosphate, silver hexafluoroantimonate, silver oxide, silver iodate, silver tetraborate, silver methanesulfonate, silver molybdenum oxide, silver perchlorate, silver phosphate, silver perrhenate, Silver p-toluenesulfonate, silver sulfide, silver tetrafluoroborate, silver thiocyanate, silver trifluoromethanesulfonate, silver tungsten oxide, silver trifluoroacetate, or Silver sulfadiazine.
10 . The method of forming a coating of claim 1 , wherein the low-valent metallic salt comprises silver nitrate.
11 . The method of forming a coating of claim 10 , wherein silver nitrate is present in the solution at a concentration between 0.04 mg/mL and 1.5 mg/mL.
12 . The method of forming a coating of claim 1 , wherein the step of contacting the substrate with the solution comprises spraying the solution on the substrate.
13 . The method of forming a coating of claim 12 , wherein:
(a) the step of contacting the substrate with the solution comprises spraying the solution on the substrate with a spray volume between 1 μL to 10 mL per square centimeter of the substrate; and wherein
(b) the method of forming a coating further comprises the step of allowing the substrate to dry for at least 60 seconds.
14 . The method of forming a coating of claim 12 , wherein: (a) a coating is formed on the substrate after 60 seconds; and (b) the coating is less than 200 nanometers in thickness.
15 . The method of forming a coating of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a one of: (i) fabric, (ii) a facial mask, (iii) a filter, (iv) a wood surface, (v) a metal surface, (vi) a painted surface, (vii) a glass surface, (viii) a plastic surface, (ix) a ceramic surface, (x) a bandage, (xi) a surgical implant, (xii) a catheter, (xiii) tile grout, or (ix) human skin.
16 . A method of forming a coating on a substrate comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a substrate with a first solution, wherein the first solution consisting of phenolic compound comprising phenolic molecules in a first solvent; and
(b) contacting the substrate with a second solution before the first solution dries on the substrate, wherein
(i) the second solution comprises a low-valent metallic salt dissolved in a second solvent,
(ii) the low-valent metallic salt comprises metal ions that chelate to link the phenolic molecules, and less than 50% of the phenolic molecules are covalently polymerized during the coating process, and
(iii) the phenolic molecules create a coating disposed on the substrate.
17 . The method of forming a coating of claim 16 , wherein:
(a) the first solution is stored in a first vessel, and the first vessel is coupled to a first sprayer, and
(b) the second solution is stored in a second vessel, and the second vessel is coupled to a second sprayer.
18 . The method of forming a coating of claim 17 , wherein the first vessel is affixed to the second vessel.
19 . The method of forming a coating of claim 16 , wherein:
(a) the phenolic compound is selected from one or more of tannic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, resveratrol, persimmon tannin, grapeseed extract, gallnut extract, proanthocyanidins, pyrogallol, epigallocatechin gallate, pyrocatechol, or catechin; and
(b) the low-valent metallic salt is selected from one or more of silver nitrate, silver chloride, copper chloride, zinc chloride, or zirconyl chloride.
20 . The method of forming a coating of claim 16 , wherein:
(a) the phenolic compound is present in the first solution at a concentration between 0.1 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL;
(b) and
(c) the low-valent metallic salt is present in the second solution at a concentration between 0.01 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL.
21 . The method of forming a coating of claim 16 , wherein:
(a) the step of contacting the substrate with the first solution comprises spraying the first solution on the substrate with a first spray volume between 1 μL to 10 mL per square centimeter of the substrate;
(b) the step of contacting the substrate with the second solution comprises spraying the second solution on the substrate a second spray volume between 1 μL to 10 mL per square centimeter of the substrate; and wherein
(c) the method of forming a coating further comprises the step of allowing the substrate to dry for at least 60 seconds.
22 . The method of forming a coating of claim 21 , wherein: (a) a coating is formed on the substrate after 60 seconds; and (b) the coating is less than 200 nanometers in thickness.
23 . The method of forming a coating of claim 16 , wherein:
(a) the method further comprises the step of contacting the substrate with a third solution before the first solution dries on the substrate; and wherein
(b) the third solution comprises a charged polymer compound in a third solvent.
24 . The method of forming a coating of claim 16 , wherein:
(a) the method further comprises the step of contacting the substrate with a third solution; and wherein
(b) the third solution comprises an antimicrobial organic compound in a third solvent.
25 . The method of forming a coating of claim 24 , wherein the antimicrobial organic compound is selected from one or more of an antibiotic, a quaternary ammonium compound, or an azole.