Preceramic 3D-printing monomer and polymer formulations
This disclosure provides resin formulations which may be used for 3D printing and thermally treating to produce a ceramic material. The disclosure provides direct, free-form 3D printing of a preceramic polymer, followed by converting the preceramic polymer to a 3D-printed ceramic composite with potentially complex 3D shapes. A wide variety of chemical compositions is disclosed, and several experimental examples are included to demonstrate reduction to practice. For example, preceramic resin formulations may contain a carbosilane in which there is at least one functional group selected from vinyl, allyl, ethynyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, ester group, amine, hydroxyl, vinyl ether, vinyl ester, glycidyl, glycidyl ether, vinyl glycidyl ether, vinyl amide, vinyl triazine, vinyl isocyanurate, acrylate, methacrylate, alkyl acrylate, alkyl methacrylate, phenyl, halide, thiol, cyano, cyanate, or thiocyanate. The resin formulations may contain a solid-phase filler, to provide high thermal stability and mechanical strength (e.g., fracture toughness) in the final ceramic material.
1 . A preceramic resin formulation for 3D-printing and free-radical or cationic polymerization, said preceramic resin formulation comprising:
(a) a first functionalized carbosilane having the chemical structure:
wherein:
R 1 is hydrogen;
R 2 is selected from the group consisting of a vinyl group, an allyl group, an ethynyl group, a C 1 -C 18 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group, an ester group, an amine group, a hydroxyl group, a vinyl ether group, a vinyl ester group, a glycidyl group, a glycidyl ether group, a vinyl glycidyl ether group, a vinyl amide group, a vinyl triazine group, a vinyl isocyanurate group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, an alkyl acrylate group, an alkyl methacrylate group, a phenyl group, a halide group, a thiol group, an alkylthiol group, a thiol-containing group, a cyano group, a cyanate group, a thiocyanate group, a mercaptopropionate group, a mercaptoacetate group, an aromatic group, and combinations thereof; and
n=1 to 100;
(b) a second functionalized carbosilane having a functional group selected from the group consisting of a vinyl group, an allyl group, an ethynyl group, a vinyl ether group, a vinyl ester group, a vinyl glycidyl ether group, a vinyl amide group, a vinyl triazine group, a vinyl isocyanurate group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, an alkyl acrylate group, an alkyl methacrylate group, and a phenyl group, wherein said second functionalized carbosilane is distinct from said first functionalized carbosilane;
(c) optionally, a crosslinking agent;
(d) a photoinitiator and/or a thermal free-radical initiator;
(e) a free-radical inhibitor; and
(f) a 3D-printing resolution agent.
2 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 1 , wherein R 2 is a vinyl group or an allyl group.
3 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 1 , wherein at least some of said first functionalized carbosilane is covalently connected to a carbosilane having only hydrogen functionality.
4 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 1 , wherein said second functionalized carbosilane contains oxygen.
5 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 1 , wherein said functional group in said second functionalized carbosilane is an acrylate group or a methacrylate group.
6 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 1 , wherein said crosslinking agent is present in said preceramic resin formulation.
7 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 6 , wherein said crosslinking agent is a functionalized silane, a functionalized silazane, or a functionalized hydrocarbon, and wherein said crosslinking agent contains two or more UV-reactive functional groups.
8 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 7 , wherein said UV-reactive functional groups are selected from vinyl, vinyl ether, acrylate, methacrylate, glycidyl, or glycidyl ether.
9 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 6 , wherein said crosslinking agent is selected from the group consisting of divinylsilanes, trivinylsilanes, tetravinyl silanes, acryloxypropyldimethyl methoxy silane, methacryloxypropyldimethyl methoxy silane, acryloxypropylmethyldimethoxy silane, methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxy silane, dimethyldivinylsilane, 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, 1,3,5,7-tetravinyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasilazane, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octamethylcyclotetrasilazane, divinyl benzene, and combinations thereof.
10 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 1 , wherein said preceramic resin formulation further comprises from about 0.1 vol % to about 70 vol % of solid-phase fillers.
11 . A preceramic resin formulation for 3D-printing and free-radical or cationic polymerization, said preceramic resin formulation comprising:
(a) a first functionalized carbosilane having the chemical structure:
wherein:
R 1 is hydrogen;
R 2 is selected from the group consisting of a vinyl group, an allyl group, an ethynyl group, a C 1 -C 18 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group, an ester group, an amine group, a hydroxyl group, a vinyl ether group, a vinyl ester group, a glycidyl group, a glycidyl ether group, a vinyl glycidyl ether group, a vinyl amide group, a vinyl triazine group, a vinyl isocyanurate group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, an alkyl acrylate group, an alkyl methacrylate group, a phenyl group, a halide group, a thiol group, an alkylthiol group, a thiol-containing group, a cyano group, a cyanate group, a thiocyanate group, a mercaptopropionate group, a mercaptoacetate group, an aromatic group, and combinations thereof; and
n=1 to 100;
(b) a second functionalized carbosilane having a functional group selected from the group consisting of a vinyl group, an allyl group, an ethynyl group, a vinyl ether group, a vinyl ester group, a vinyl glycidyl ether group, a vinyl amide group, a vinyl triazine group, a vinyl isocyanurate group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, an alkyl acrylate group, an alkyl methacrylate group, and a phenyl group;
(c) a crosslinking agent, wherein said crosslinking agent is a functionalized silane, a functionalized silazane, or a functionalized hydrocarbon, and wherein said crosslinking agent contains two or more UV-reactive functional groups;
(d) a photoinitiator and/or a thermal free-radical initiator;
(e) a free-radical inhibitor; and
(f) a 3D-printing resolution agent.
12 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 11 , wherein R 2 is a vinyl group or an allyl group.
13 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 11 , wherein at least some of said first functionalized carbosilane is covalently connected to a carbosilane having only hydrogen functionality.
14 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 11 , wherein said second functionalized carbosilane contains oxygen.
15 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 11 , wherein said functional group in said second functionalized carbosilane is an acrylate group or a methacrylate group.
16 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 11 , wherein said UV-reactive functional groups are selected from vinyl, vinyl ether, acrylate, methacrylate, glycidyl, or glycidyl ether.
17 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 11 , wherein said preceramic resin formulation further comprises from about 0.1 vol % to about 70 vol % of solid-phase fillers.
18 . A preceramic resin formulation for 3D-printing and free-radical or cationic polymerization, said preceramic resin formulation comprising:
(a) a first functionalized carbosilane having the chemical structure:
wherein:
R 1 is hydrogen;
R 2 is selected from the group consisting of a vinyl group, an allyl group, an ethynyl group, a C 1 -C 18 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group, an ester group, an amine group, a hydroxyl group, a vinyl ether group, a vinyl ester group, a glycidyl group, a glycidyl ether group, a vinyl glycidyl ether group, a vinyl amide group, a vinyl triazine group, a vinyl isocyanurate group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, an alkyl acrylate group, an alkyl methacrylate group, a phenyl group, a halide group, a thiol group, an alkylthiol group, a thiol-containing group, a cyano group, a cyanate group, a thiocyanate group, a mercaptopropionate group, a mercaptoacetate group, an aromatic group, and combinations thereof; and
n=1 to 100;
(b) a second functionalized carbosilane having a functional group selected from the group consisting of a vinyl group, an allyl group, an ethynyl group, a vinyl ether group, a vinyl ester group, a vinyl glycidyl ether group, a vinyl amide group, a vinyl triazine group, a vinyl isocyanurate group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, an alkyl acrylate group, an alkyl methacrylate group, and a phenyl group;
(c) a crosslinking agent, wherein said crosslinking agent is selected from the group consisting of divinylsilanes, trivinylsilanes, tetravinyl silanes, acryloxypropyldimethyl methoxy silane, methacryloxypropyldimethyl methoxy silane, acryloxypropylmethyldimethoxy silane, methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxy silane, dimethyldivinylsilane, 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, 1,3,5,7-tetravinyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasilazane, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octamethylcyclotetrasilazane, divinyl benzene, and combinations thereof;
(d) a photoinitiator and/or a thermal free-radical initiator;
(e) a free-radical inhibitor; and
(f) a 3D-printing resolution agent.
19 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 18 , wherein R 2 is a vinyl group or an allyl group.
20 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 18 , wherein at least some of said first functionalized carbosilane is covalently connected to a carbosilane having only hydrogen functionality.
21 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 18 , wherein said second functionalized carbosilane contains oxygen.
22 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 18 , wherein said functional group in said second functionalized carbosilane is an acrylate group or a methacrylate group.
23 . The preceramic resin formulation of claim 18 , wherein said preceramic resin formulation further comprises from about 0.1 vol % to about 70 vol % of solid-phase fillers.