IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,606,832
Granted Patent B2
US 12,606,832 · App. 19/023,934 · Granted Apr 21, 2026

Compositions for inducing modifications of target endogenous nucleic acid sequences in nucleuses of eukaryotic cells

Inventors: Jin-Soo Kim (Seoul, KR); Seung Woo Cho (Seoul, KR); Sojung Kim (Seoul, KR)
Assignee: ToolGen Incorporated
C12N15/52C12N9/16C12N9/22C12N15/102C12N15/111C12N15/63C12N15/8216C12N15/85C12N15/907C12Y301/21C12N2310/10C12N2310/20C12N2310/531
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,606,832
App. No.
19/023,934
Granted
Apr 21, 2026
Kind
B2
Abstract

The present disclosure relates to targeted genome editing in eukaryotic cells or organisms. More particularly, the present disclosure provides for compositions and methods that may induce modifications in target endogenous nucleic acid sequences in nucleuses of eukaryotic cells. For example, disclosed herein is a method of producing an engineered eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the method may comprise preparing a Cas9 protein, preparing a sgRNA, and preparing a cell-free buffer. The method may further comprise disposing the Cas9 protein and sgRNA in the cell-free buffer to provide for a transfection mixture and transfecting the transfection mixture into a eukaryotic cell, wherein a Cas9/sgRNA complex formed by the Cas9 protein and the sgRNA induces a modification of a target endogenous DNA sequence in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell to provide for an engineered eukaryotic cell.

Claims (10)

1 . A method of producing an engineered eukaryotic cell, the method comprising:

preparing a Cas9 protein, wherein the Cas9 protein comprises a nuclear localization signal (NLS);

preparing a single-guide RNA (sgRNA), wherein the sgRNA comprises a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA);

preparing a cell-free buffer

disposing the Cas9 protein and the sgRNA in the cell-free buffer to provide for a transfection mixture comprising a Cas9/sgRNA complex; and

introducing the transfection mixture into a eukaryotic cell via electroporation;

wherein the Cas9/sgRNA complex of the transfection mixture induces a modification of a target endogenous DNA sequence in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell to provide for the engineered eukaryotic cell.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the Cas9/sgRNA complex is formed in the cell-free buffer.

3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the engineered eukaryotic cell is an engineered human cell.

4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the engineered eukaryotic cell is an engineered plant cell.

Continuity (8)
Continuation 18932745 · Oct 31, 2024
Continuation 17004338 · Aug 27, 2020
Continuation 14685568 · Apr 13, 2015
Continuation PCTKR2013009488 · Oct 23, 2013
Provisional Application 61837481 · Jun 20, 2013
Provisional Application 61803599 · Mar 20, 2013
Provisional Application 61717324 · Oct 23, 2012
Related Publication 20250327084A1 · Oct 23, 2025
References Cited (379)
US 5766900A · Shillito et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5767367A · Dudits et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5925517A · Tyagi et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6040295A · Rolland et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 8697359B1 · Zhang · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8771495B2 · Paneccasio et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8883233B2 · Gillessen · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8889559B2 · Trapp et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8993233B2 · Zhang et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 8999641B2 · Zhang et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9023649B2 · Mali et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9260723B2 · Mali et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9493779B2 · Ainley et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9637739B2 · Siksnys et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 10851380B2 · Kim et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20050220796A1 · Dynan et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20090111119A1 · Doyon et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100001189A1 · Federici · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100076057A1 · Sontheimer et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110223638A1 · Wiedenheft et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20120058102A1 · Wilson et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20140068797A1 · Doudna · 2014 [cited by examiner]
US 20140090113A1 · Cogan et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140093913A1 · Cost et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140179770A1 · Zhang et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140186843A1 · Zhang et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140186919A1 · Zhang et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140189896A1 · Zhang et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140242664A1 · Zhang et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140273230A1 · Chen et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140310830A1 · Zhang et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140342456A1 · Mali et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140349405A1 · Sontheimer et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140357530A1 · Zhang et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20150020223A1 · Zhang et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150031134A1 · Zhang et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150050699A1 · Siksnys et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150067921A1 · Cogan et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150067922A1 · Yang et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150079681A1 · Zhang · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150166615A1 · Xia et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150203872A1 · Zhang · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150225734A1 · Voytas et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150232882A1 · Zhang et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150247150A1 · Zhang et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150291965A1 · Zhang et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150344912A1 · Kim et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150351340A1 · Bundock et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150356239A1 · Zhang et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160017366A1 · Chen et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160032274A1 · Church et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160046961A1 · Jinek et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160153004A1 · Zhang et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160153005A1 · Zhang et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160153006A1 · Zhang et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160168594A1 · Zhang et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160175462A1 · Zhang et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160186213A1 · Zhang et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20210047648A1 · Kim et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
AU 733057B2 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
AU 2011203213A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
JP 2005006578A · 2005 [cited by applicant]
NZ 228948A · 1991 [cited by applicant]
WO WO1998010084A1 · 1998 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2000055378A1 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2002067966A1 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2002067996A2 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005054494A2 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007024029A1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007025195A1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2008108989A2 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2009042164A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2010001189A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2010052341A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2010076939A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011007193A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011056186A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011130346A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011146121A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2012012738A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2012138939A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013098244A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013188522A2 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014018423A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014022702A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014065596A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014089290A1 · 2014 [cited by examiner]
WO WO2014093635A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014093694A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014093709A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014093718A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014099750A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014144155A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014197568A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014204725A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015026883A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
Kim et al., Highly efficient RNA-guided genome editing in human cells via delivery of purified Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. Genome Research (2014), 24:1012-1019 (Year: 2014). [cited by examiner]
Siu and Chen, Riboregulated toehold-gated gRNA for programmable CRISPR-Cas9 function. Nature Chemical Biology (2019), 15:217-220 (Year: 2019). [cited by examiner]
Gaj et al., Targeted gene knockout by direct delivery of zinc-finger nuclease proteins. Nature Methods (2012), 9: 805-807 and Supplemental Material (Year: 2012). [cited by examiner]
Chakrabarti et al., Transfer of Monoclonal Antibodies into Mammalian Cells by Electroporation. Journal of Biological Chemistry (1989), 263: 15494-15500 (Year: 1989). [cited by examiner]
Eksioglu-Demiralp et al., A method for functional evaluation of caspase activation pathways in intact lymphoid cells using electroporation-mediated protein delivery and flow cytometric analysis. Journal of Immunological… [cited by examiner]
Li et al., Electroporation of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes for rescue of the nucleoprotein and matrix genes. Virus Research (1995), 37: 153-161 (Year: 1995). [cited by examiner]
Angel, M. and Yanik, M. F., Innate Immune Suppression Enables Frequent Transfection with RNA Encoding Reprogramming Proteins. PLoS One. 2010, 5(7):e11756. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Anonymous, Product Information Thermo Scientific TurboFect Transfection Reagent Pub. No. MAN0013147 Rev. Date Aug. 24, 2018. Thermo Scientific, (2018) (2 pages). [cited by applicant]
Anonymous, PCT Third Party Observation dated Feb. 19, 2015, in relation to International Application No. PCT/KR2013/009488 filed on Oct. 23, 2013, pp. 1-5. [cited by applicant]
Anonymous, Third-Party Observation dated Jul. 18, 2014, in relation to International Application No. PCT/US2013/033106 filed Mar. 20, 2013 (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Anonymous, Third-Party Observation dated Sep. 24, 2014, in relation to International Application No. PCT/US2013/032589 filed Mar. 15, 2013 (8 pages). [cited by applicant]
Anonymous, Third-Party Observations dated Jan. 17, 2019, in relation to European Patent Application No. 18158147.1 (Publication No. EP 3372679 A1) (302 pages). [cited by applicant]
Anonymous, Third-Party Submissions dated Dec. 22, 2014, in relation to U.S. Appl. No. 14/104,977, filed Dec. 12, 2013, pp. 1-56. [cited by applicant]
Anonymous, Third-Party Submission Under 37 C.F.R. §1.290 filed Apr. 6, 2016 in relation to U.S. Appl. No. 14/438,098. [cited by applicant]
Artimo, P., et al., ExPASy: SIB bioinformatics resource portal. Nucleic Acids Research. 2012, 40:W597-W603. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
ATCC record ATCC 700294, 2019, “ [cited by applicant]
Barrangou, R., RNA-mediated programmable DNA cleavage. Nat Biotechnol. 2012, 30(9):836-838. (3 pages). [cited by applicant]
Bassett, A. R., et al., Highly Efficient Targeted Mutagenesis of [cited by applicant]
Baum, A., et al., Preference of RIG-I for short viral RNA molecules in infected cells revealed by next-generation sequencing. PNAS. 2010, 107(37):16303-16308. [cited by applicant]
Bedell, V. M., et al., In vivo genome editing using a high-efficiency TALEN system. Nature. 2012, 491:114-118. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Bell, O., et al., Determinants and dynamics of genome accessibility. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2011, 12:554-564. (11 pages). [cited by applicant]
Bhaya, D., et al., CRISPR-Cas systems in bacteria and archaea: versatile small RNAs for adaptive defense and regulation. Annual Reviews of Genetics. 2011;45:273-297. (27 pages). [cited by applicant]
Bikard, D., et al., CRISPR Interference Can Prevent Natural Transformation and Virulence Acquisition during In Vivo Bacterial Infection. Cell Host & Microbe. 2012, 12(2):177-186. [cited by applicant]
Bikard, D., et al., Programmable repression and activation of bacterial gene expression using an engineered CRISPR-Cas system. Nucleic Acids Research. 2013, 41(15):7429-7437. [cited by applicant]
Boch, J. and Bonas, U., Xanthomonas AvrBs3 Family-Type III Effectors: Discovery and Function. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 2010, 48:419-436. [cited by applicant]
Bogerd, H. P., et al., A Mammalian Herpesvirus uses Noncanonical Expression and Processing Mechanisms to Generate Viral MicroRNAs. Molecular Cell. 2010, 37(1):135-142. [cited by applicant]
Briggs, A.W., et al., Iterative capped assembly: rapid and scalable synthesis of repeat-module DNA such as TAL effectors from individual monomers. Nucleic Acids Research. 2012, 40(15):e117. (10 pages). [cited by applicant]
Brouns, S. J. J., A Swiss Army Knife of Immunity. Science. 2012, 337(6096):808-809. [cited by applicant]
Brzostek-Racine, S., et al., The DNA Damage Response Induces IFN. The Journal of Immunology. 2011, 187 (10):5336-5345. [cited by applicant]
Cain, C., CRISPR genome editing. SciBX Sci. Exch. 1-3, 2013, doi:10.1038/scibx.2013.77. [cited by applicant]
Carlson, D. F., et al., Targeting DNA with fingers and TALENs. Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids. 2012, 1:e3. (4 pages). [cited by applicant]
Carlson, E. D., et al., Cell-free protein synthesis: Applications come of age. Biotechnology Advances. 2012, 30 (5):1185-1194. [cited by applicant]
Carroll, D., A CRISPR Approach to Gene Targeting. Molecular Therapy. 2012, 20(9):1658-1660. (3 pages). [cited by applicant]
Carroll, D., Genome Engineering with Zinc-Finger Nucleases. Genetics. 2011, 188(4):773-782. [cited by applicant]
Carroll, D., Staying on target with CRISPR-Cas. Nat. Biotechnol. 2013, 31:807-809. [cited by applicant]
Cermak, T., et al., Efficient design and assembly of custom TALEN and other TAL effector-based constructs for DNA targeting. Nucleic Acids Research. 2011, 39(12):e82. [cited by applicant]
Chang, K., et al., RNAi in Cultured Mammalian Cells Using Synthetic siRNAs. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2012, 9:957-961. (9 pages). [cited by applicant]
Chang, N., et al., Genome editing with RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease in Zebrafish embryos. Cell Res. 2013, 23 (4):465-472 and Supplementary Materials. (8 pages). [cited by applicant]
Chapdelaine, P., et al., Meganucleases can restore the reading frame of a mutated dystrophin. Gene Ther. 2010, 17:846-858. (13 pages). [cited by applicant]
Chen, B et al., Dynamic Imaging of Genomic Loci in Living Human Cells by an Optimized CRISPR/Cas system. Cell. 2013, 155(7):1479-1491. [cited by applicant]
Chen, F., et al., High-frequency genome editing using ssDNA oligonucleotides with zinc-finger nucleases. Nature Methods. 2011, 8(9):753-755 with Supplementary Information. (31 pages). [cited by applicant]
Chen, F., et al., 2012, Methods and Reagents for Modifying Genomes Using RNA-Guided Endonucleases. in relation to U.S. Appl. No. 61/734,256. [cited by applicant]
Cho, S. W., et al., Targeted genome engineering in human cells with Cas9 RNA-guided endonucleases. Nat Biotechnol. 2013, 31:230-232, and supplementary materials. [cited by applicant]
Cho, S. W., et al., Heritable gene knockout in Caenorhabditis elegans by direct injection of Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteins. Genetics, 2013, 195(3):1177-1180. (5 pages). [cited by applicant]
Christian, M., et al., Targeting DNA Double-Strand Breaks with TAL Effector Nucleases. Genetics. 2010, 186 (2):757-761 and 2S1-8S1. [cited by applicant]
Chugh, A., et al., Cell-penetrating peptides: Nanocarrier for Macromolecule Delivery in Living Cells. IUBMB Life. 2010, 62(3):183-193. (11 pages). [cited by applicant]
Chylinski, K., et al., The tracrRNA and Cas9 families of type II CRISPR-Cas immunity systems. RNA Biology. 2013, 10(5):726-737. [cited by applicant]
Clark, K. J., et al., A TALE of Two Nucleases: Gene Targeting for the Masses. Zebrafish, 2011, 8(3):147-149. [cited by applicant]
Close, D., et al., Expression of Non-Native Genes in a Surrogate Host Organism. 2012. Retrieved from the Internet at <http://www.intechopen.com> (33 pages). [cited by applicant]
Close, D., et al., The evolution of the bacterial luciferase gene cassette (lux) as a real-time bioreporter. Sensors. 2012;12(1):732-752. (21 pages). [cited by applicant]
Cohen, J., et al., The Emerging Race to Cure HIV Infections. Science. 2011, 332(6031):784-789. [cited by applicant]
Collins, C. A., and Brown, E. J., Cytosol as battleground: ubiquitin as a weapon for both host and pathogen. Trends in Cell Biology. 2010, 20(4):205-213. [cited by applicant]
Cong, L., et al., Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems. Science. 2013, 339(6121):819-823 and Supplementary Materials. [cited by applicant]
CNLS Mapper results of S. pyogenes Cas9. NLS mapper, URL: http://nls-mapper.iab.keio.ac.jp/cgi-bin/NLS_Mapper_ycgi (Apr. 25, 2016) (1 page). [cited by applicant]
Cradick, T. J., et al., CRISPR/Cas 9 systems targeting β-globin and CCR5 genes have substantial off-target activity. Nucleic Acids Research. 2013, 41(20):9584-9592. [cited by applicant]
Cristea, S., et al., Dissection of Splicing Regulation at an Endogenous Locus by Zinc-Finger Nuclease-Mediated Gene Editing. PLoS One. 2011, 6(2):e16961. (5 pages). [cited by applicant]
Davis, G. D., and Cui, X., Zinc Finger Nucleases for Genome Editing. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 2010, 30(13). (6 pages). [cited by applicant]
De Vries, R., Dna condensation in bacteria: Interplay between macromolecular crowding and nucleoid proteins. Biochimie. 2010, 92(12):1715-1721. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Declaration of Technical Expert Paul Simons, executed Dec. 22, 2015, in relation to U.S. Appl. No. 14/704,551 (77 pages). [cited by applicant]
Deltcheva, E., et al., Crispr Rna maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III. Nature. 2011, 471(7340):602-607 and Supplementary Information (71 pages). [cited by applicant]
Deng, D., et al., Structural basis for sequence-specific recognition of DNA by TAL effectors. Science. 2012, 335 (6069):720-723. [cited by applicant]
Dicarlo, J. E., et al., Genome engineering in [cited by applicant]
Dickinson, D. J., et al., Engineering the Caenorhabditis elegans genome using Cas9-triggered homologous recombination. Nat. Methods. 2013, 10:1028-1034. [cited by applicant]
Ding, Q., et al., Enhanced efficiency of human pluripotent stem cell genome editing through replacing TALENs with CRISPRs. Cell Stem Cell. 2013, 12(4):393-394. (2 pages). [cited by applicant]
Doyon, J. B., et al., Rapid and efficient clathrin-mediated endocytosis revealed in genome-edited mammalian cells. Nature Cell Biology. 2011, 13(3):331-337. (31 pages). [cited by applicant]
Doyon, Y., et al., Enhancing zinc-finger-nuclease activity with improved obligate heterodimeric architectures. Nature Methods. 2011, 8:74-79. (38 pages). [cited by applicant]
Ebina, H., et al., Harnessing the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt latent HIV-1 provirus. Sci Rep. 2013, 3:2510. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Edgar, R., and Qimron, U., The [cited by applicant]
Esvelt, K. M. et al., Orthogonal Cas9 proteins for RNA-guided gene regulation and editing. Nat. Methods. 2013, 10:1116-1121. [cited by applicant]
Fath, S., et al., Multiparameter RNA and Codon Optimization: A Standardized Tool to Assess and Enhance Autologous Mammalian Gene Expression. PLoS One. 2011, 6(3):e17596. (14 pages). [cited by applicant]
Feng, Z., et al., Efficient genome editing in plants using a CRISPR/Cas system. Cell Res. 2013, 23(10):1229-1232. [cited by applicant]
Fonfara, I., et al., Phylogeny of Cas9 determines functional exchangeability of dual-RNA and Cas9 among orthologous type II CRISPR-Cas systems. Nucleic Acids Research. 2014, 42(4):2577-2590. (14 pages). [cited by applicant]
Fortier, S., et al., Genome-Wide Interrogation of Mammalian Stem Cell Fate Determinants by Nested Chromosome Deletions. PLoS Genetics. 2010, 6(12):e1001241. (14 pages). [cited by applicant]
Francis, D. M. and Page, R., Strategies to Optimize Protein Expression in [cited by applicant]
Friedland, A. E., et al., Heritable genome editing in C. elegans via a CRISPR-Cas 9 system. Nat. Methods. 2013, 10(8):741-743. [cited by applicant]
Fu, Y., et al., High-frequency off-target mutagenesis induced by CRISPR-Cas nucleases in human cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2013, 31(9):822-826. [cited by applicant]
Fujii, W., et al., Efficient generation of large-scale genome-modified mice using gRNA and CAS9 endonuclease. Nucleic Acids Research. 2013, 41(20):e187. [cited by applicant]
Gabriel, R., et al., An unbiased genome-wide analysis of zinc-finger nuclease specificity. Nat Biotechnol. 2011, 29 (9):816-823. [cited by applicant]
Gagnon, J. A., et al., Efficient Mutagenesis by Cas9 Protein-Mediated Oligonucleotide Insertion and Large-Scale Assessment of Single-Guide RNAs. PLoS One. 2014, 9(5):e98186. Supplementary Information (25 pages). [cited by applicant]
Gaj, T., et al., ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering. Trends in Biotechnology. 2013, 31(7):397-405. (9 pages). [cited by applicant]
Gao, H., et al., Heritable targeting mutagenesis in maize using a designed endonuclease. The Plant Journal. 2010, 61(1):176-187. (13 pages). [cited by applicant]
Garneau, J. E., et al., The CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system cleaves bacteriophage and plasmid DNA. Nature. 2010, 468:67-71. [cited by applicant]
Gasiunas, G., et al., Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria. PNAS. 2012, 109(39):E2579-E2586. [cited by applicant]
Genomic Cruise Missiles, Science, 2012;338: 1526-1527. (12 pages). [cited by applicant]
Gilbert, L. A. et al., CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes. Cell. 2013, 154(2):442-451. (10 pages). [cited by applicant]
Golic, K. G., RNA-Guided Nucleases: A New Era for Engineering the Genomes of Model and Nonmodel Organisms. Genetics. 2013, 195(2):303-308. (6 pages). [cited by applicant]
Gonzalez, B., et al., Modular system for the construction of zinc-finger libraries and proteins. Nat Protoc. 2010, 5(4):791-810. [cited by applicant]
Goren, M., et al., The bacterial CRISPR/Cas system as analog of the mammalian adaptive immune system. RNA Biology. 2012, 9(5):549-554. [cited by applicant]
Gottwein, E., et al., Viral microRNA targetome of KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma cell lines. Cell Host & Microbe. 2011, 10(5):515-526. [cited by applicant]
Gratz, S. J., et al., Genome engineering of [cited by applicant]
Groisman, E. A., et al., Bacterial Mg2+ Homeostasis, Transport, and Virulence. Annual Reviews of Genetics. 2013, 47:625-646. (22 pages). [cited by applicant]
Guschin, D. Y., et al., A Rapid and General Assay for Monitoring Endogenus Gene Modification. In: Mackay, J., Segal, D. (eds.) Engineeed Zinc Finger Proteins. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2010, vol. 649. Humana Press, … [cited by applicant]
Handel, E-M., et al., Versatile and Efficient Genome Editing in Human Cells by Combining Zinc-Finger Nucleases with Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors. Human Gene Therapy. 2011, 23(3):321-329. (9 pages). [cited by applicant]
Haurwitz, R. E., et al., Sequence- and structure-specific RNA processing by a CRISPR endonuclease. Science. 2010, 329(5997):1355-1358. (4 pages). [cited by applicant]
PCT International Search Report dated Jan. 27, 2014, in relation to International Application No. PCT/KR2013/009488 filed Oct. 23, 2013, pp. 1-5. [cited by applicant]
Hocine, S., et al., RNA processing and export. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010, 2:a000752. [cited by applicant]
Holt, N., et al., Zinc finger nuclease-mediated CCR5 knockout hematopoietic stem cell transplantation controls HIV-1 in vivo. Nat Biotechnol. 2010, 28(8):839-847. (26 pages). [cited by applicant]
Horvath, P., and Barrangou, R., RNA-guided genome editing a la carte. Cell Res. 2013, 23:733-734. [cited by applicant]
Horvath, P., and Barrangou, R., CRISPR/Cas, the immune system of bacteria and archaea. Science. 2010, 327(5962):167-170. (4 pages). [cited by applicant]
Hoshijima, K., et al., Highly efficient CRISPR-Cas9-based methods for generating deletion mutations and F0 embryos that lack gene function in zebrafish. Developmental Cell. 2019, 51(5):645-657.e4. (35 pages). [cited by applicant]
Hruscha, A., et al., Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing with low off-target effects in zebrafish. Development. 2013, 140(24):4982-4987. Supplementary Information (12 pages). [cited by applicant]
Hsu, P. D., et al., DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases. Nat Biotechnol. 2013, 31(9):827-832. [cited by applicant]
Hu, P, et al., Comparison of various nuclear localization signal-fused Cas9 proteins and Cas9 mRNA for genome editing in zebrafish. G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics. 2018, 8(3):823-831. (9 pages). [cited by applicant]
Huang, P., et al., Heritable gene targeting in zebrafish using customized TALENs. Nature Biotechnology. 2011, 29(8):699-700. (2 pages). [cited by applicant]
Hwang, W. Y., et al., Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system. Nat Biotechnol. 2013, 31:227-229 and Supplementary Materials. [cited by applicant]
Hwang, W. Y., et al., Heritable and Precise Zebrafish Genome Editing Using a CRISPR-Cas System. PLoS One. 2013, 8(7):e68708 and Supplementary Materials. (14 pages). [cited by applicant]
Jani, B. and Fuchs R., In Vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection. J. Vis. Exp. 2012, 61:3702. (9 pages). [cited by applicant]
Japanese Office Action dated Nov. 24, 2015 for Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-538033, pp. 1-10 (with English Translation). [cited by applicant]
Jensen, N. M., et al., An update on targeted gene repair in mammalian cells: methods and mechanisms. J. Biomed. Sci. 2011;18:10. (14 pages). [cited by applicant]
Jeyarajan, S., et al., 2010, Plasmid DNA delivery into MDA-MB-453 cells mediated by recombinant Her-NLS fusion protein. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2010, 5:725-733. (9 pages). [cited by applicant]
Jiang, F., et al., 2011, Structural basis of RNA recognition and activation by innate immune receptor RIG-I. Nature. 2011, 479:423-429. [cited by applicant]
Jiang, W., et al., Demonstration of CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-mediated targeted gene modification in [cited by applicant]
Jiang, W., et al., RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat. Biotechnol. 2013, 31:233-239. [cited by applicant]
Jiang, W., et al., CRISPR-assisted editing of bacterial genomes. Nat Biotechnol. 2013, 31(3):233-239. [cited by applicant]
Jinek, M., et al., A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012, 337(6096):816-821 and Supplementary Materials. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Jinek, M., et al., Methods and Compositions for RNA-Directed Site-Specific DNA Modification. U.S. Appl. No. 61/652,086, filed May 25, 2012. [cited by applicant]
Jinek, M., et al., RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells. eLife. 2013, 2:e00471. [cited by applicant]
Jore, M. M., et al., Structural basis for CRISPR RNA-guided DNA recognition by Casade. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2011, 18(5):529-536. (9 pages). [cited by applicant]
Joung, J. K. and Sander J. D., TALENs: A widely applicable technology for targeted genome editing. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2013, 14:49-55. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Kang, H. C. and Bae, Y. H., Co-delivery of small interfering RNA and plasmid DNA using a polymeric vector incorporating endosomolytic oligomeric sulfonamide. Biomaterials. 2011, 32(21):4914-4924. (11 pages). [cited by applicant]
Karginov, F. V. and Hannon, G. J., The CRISPR System: Small RNA-Guided Defense in Bacteria and Archaea. Molecular Cell. 2010, 37(1):7-19. (13 pages). [cited by applicant]
Karvelis, T., et al., crRNA and tracrRNA guide Cas9-mediated DNA interference in [cited by applicant]
Katic, I. and Grobhans, H., Targeted Heritable Mutation and Gene Conversion by Cas9-CRISPR in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. 2013, 195(3):1173-1176. (4 pages). [cited by applicant]
Kim, E., et al., Precision genome engineering with programmable DNA-nicking enzymes. Genome Res. 2012, 22:1327-1333. [cited by applicant]
Kim, H., et al., Surrogate reporters for enrichment of cells with nuclease-induced mutations. Nat Methods. 2011, 8:941-943. [cited by applicant]
Kim, S., et al., Highly efficient RNA-guided genome editing in human cells via delivery of purified Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. Genome Res. 2014, 24:1012-1019. (9 pages). [cited by applicant]
Kim, S., et al., 2018, CRISPR RNAs trigger innate immune responses in human cells. Genome Res. 2018, 28:367-373. (8 pages). [cited by applicant]
Kim, T. K., and Eberwine, J. H., Mammalian cell transfection: the present and the future. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010, 397:3173-3178. (6 pages). [cited by applicant]
Kolomeisky, A. B., Physics of protein—DNA interactions: mechanisms of facilitated target search. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13:2088-2095. (8 pages). [cited by applicant]
Kondo, S., et al., Highly Improved Gene Targeting by Germline-Specific Cas9 Expression in [cited by applicant]
Koo, T., et al., Measuring and Reducing Off-Target Activities of Programmable Nucleases Including CRISPR-Cas9. Molecules and Cells. 2015, 38(6):475-481. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Kouranova, E., et al., CRISPRs for optimal targeting: delivery of CRISPR components as DNA, RNA, and protein into cultured cells and single-cell embryos. Human Gene Therapy. 2016, 27(6):464-475. (12 pages). [cited by applicant]
Lambowitz, A. M. and Zimmerly, S., Group II Introns: Mobile Ribozymes that Invade DNA. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011, 3:a003616. (19 pages). [cited by applicant]
Lane, J., et al., Targeting RHoC by way of ribozyme trangene in human breast cancer cells and its impact on cancer invasion. World J Oncol. 2010, 1(1):7-13. (7 pages)Lane, J., et al., Targeting RHoC by way of ribozyme t… [cited by applicant]
Larson, D. R., et al., Real-time observation of transcription initiation and elongation on an endogenous yeast gene. Science. 2011, 332(6028):475-478. [cited by applicant]
Larsen, H. O., et al., Nonviral transfection of leukemic primary cells and cells lines by siRNA—a direct comparison between Nucleofection and Accell delivery. Experimental Hematology. 2011, 39:1081-1089. (9 pages). [cited by applicant]
Larson, M. H. et al., CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) for sequence-specific control of gene expression. Nat. Protoc. 2013, 8:2180-2196. [cited by applicant]
Ledford, H., Targeted gene editing enters clinic. Nature. 2011, 471:16. (1 page). [cited by applicant]
Lee, H. Y., et al., Targeted chromosomal deletions in human cells using zinc finger nucleases. Genome Res. 2010, 20:81-89. [cited by applicant]
Lee, H. J., et al., Targeted chromosomal duplications and inversions in the human genome using zinc finger nucleases. Genome Res, 2012, 22:539-548. [cited by applicant]
Lee, J-S., et al., RNA-guided genome editing in Drosophila with the purified Cas9 protein. G3 Genes|Genomes| Genetics. 2014, 4(7):1291-1295. (5 pages). [cited by applicant]
Notice of Allowance and Fees Due dated Feb. 4, 2015, U.S. Appl. No. 14/226,274, filed Mar. 26, 2014, pp. 1-22. [cited by applicant]
Li, D., et al., Heritable gene targeting in the mouse and rat using a CRISPR-Cas system. Nat Biotechnol. 2013, 31(8):681-683 and Supplementary Materials. [cited by applicant]
Li, J-F., et al., Multiplex and homologous recombination-mediated genome editing in [cited by applicant]
Li, T., et al., Modularly Assembled Designer TAL Effector Nucleases for Targeted Gene Knockout and Gene Replacement in Eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Research, 2011, 39(14):6315-6325. [cited by applicant]
Li, T., et al., TAL nucleases (TALNs): hybrid protein composed of TAL effectors and Fokl DNA-cleavage domain. Nucleic Acids Research. 2011, 39(1):359-372. (14 pages). [cited by applicant]
Li, W., et al., Simultaneous generation and germline transmission of multiple gene mutations in rat using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 2013, 31(8):684-686 and Supplementary Materials. [cited by applicant]
Lieber, M. R., The Mechanism of Double-Strand DNA Break Repair by the Nonhomologous DNA End Joining Pathway. Annual Review of Biochemistry. 2010, 79:181-211. (34 pages). [cited by applicant]
Lino, C. A., et al., Delivering CRISPR: a review of the challenges and approaches. Drug Delivery. 2018, 25(1):1234-1257. [cited by applicant]
Liu, J., et al., Efficient and Specific Modifications of the [cited by applicant]
Liu, P-Q., et al., Generation of a triple-gene knockout mammalian cell line using engineered zinc-finger nucleases. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2010, 106(1):97-105. [cited by applicant]
Liu, Y., et al., Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation of the fused egfp-hph gene into Pleurotus ostreatus. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2012, 11(19):4345-4353. (9 pages). [cited by applicant]
Liu, Y-C., et al., Efficient Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Mediated Transformation of the Moss Physcomitrella patens. J. Vis. Exp. 2011, 50:2560. (4 pages). [cited by applicant]
Lo, T-W., et al., Precise and Heritable Genome Editing in Evolutionarily Diverse Nematodes Using TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 to Engineer Insertions and Deletions. Genetics. 2013, 195(2):331-348. (26 pages). [cited by applicant]
Lu, C. and Li, P., Preparation of Short RNA by In Vitro Transcription. In: Conn, G. (eds) Recombinant and In Vitro RNA Synthesis. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2013, vol. 941. Humana Totowa, NJ. (12 pages). [cited by applicant]
Ma, S. et al., Highly efficient and specific genome editing in silkworm using custom TALENs. PLoS One. 2012, 7(9):e45035. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Madrigal, P., and Pawel, K., Current bioinformatic approaches to identify DNase I hypersensitive sites and genomic footprints from DNase-seq data. Frontiers in Genetics. 2012, 3(230):1-3. (3 pages). [cited by applicant]
Maeder, M. L. et al., CRISPR RNA-guided activation of endogenous human genes. Nat. Methods. 2013, 10:977-979. [cited by applicant]
Magnani, L., et al., Pioneer factors: directing transcriptional regulators within the chromatin environment. Trends in Genetics. 2011, 27(11):465-474. (10 pages). [cited by applicant]
Mahfouz, M. M., et al., De novo-engineered transcription activator-like effector (TALE) hybrid nuclease with novel DNA binding specificity creates double-strand breaks. PNAS. 2011, 108(6):2623-2628. [cited by applicant]
Mak, A. N-S., et al., The Crystal Structure of TAL Effector PthXo1 Bound to Its DNA Target. Science. 2012, 335 (6069):716-719. (5 pages). [cited by applicant]
Makarova, K. S., et al., Evolution and classification of the CRISP-Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011, 9:467-477. (11 pages). [cited by applicant]
Mali, P., et al., Cas9 as a Versatile Tool for Engineering Biology. Nat Methods. 2013, 10(10):957-963. [cited by applicant]
Mali, P., et al., RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013, 339(6121):823-826 and Supplementary Materials. (40 pages). [cited by applicant]
Mali, P., et al., CAS9 transcriptional activators for target specificity screening and paired nickases for cooperative genome engineering. Nat Biotechnol. 2013, 31:833-838. [cited by applicant]
Marchfelder, A., et al., Small RNAs for defence and regulation in archaea. Extremophiles. 2012, 16:685-696. (12 pages). [cited by applicant]
Maresca, M., et al., Obligate ligation-gated recombination (ObliGaRe): Custom-designed nuclease-mediated targeted integration through nonhomologous end joining. Genome Res. 2013, 23:539-546. [cited by applicant]
Marfori, M., et al., Molecular basis for specificity of nuclear import and prediction of nuclear localization. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Molecular Cell Research. 2011, 1813(9):1562-1577. (16 pages). [cited by applicant]
Marraffini, L. A. and Sontheimer, E. J., Self versus non-self discrimination during CRISPR RNA-directed immunity. Nature. 2010, 463(7280):568-571. (13 pages). [cited by applicant]
Mashimo, T., et al., Generation of Knockout Rats with X-Linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (X-SCID) Using Zinc-Finger Nucleases. PLoS One 2010, 5(1):e8870. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Mazzara, G. P., et al., Maturation events leading to transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA. Cell Biology. 2012, 3:439-545. [cited by applicant]
Miao, J., et al., Targeted mutagenesis in rice using CRISPR-Cas system. Cell Res. 2013, 23(10):1233-1236. [cited by applicant]
Mika, J. T., and Poolman, B., Macromolecule diffusion and confinement in prokaryotic cells. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2011, 22(1):117-126. (10 pages). [cited by applicant]
Miller, J. C., et al., A Tale nuclease architecture for efficient genome editing. Nat Biotechnol. 2011, 29(2):143-148 and online methods. [cited by applicant]
Mougiakos, I., et al., Characterizing a thermostable Cas9 for bacterial genome editing and silencing. Nat Commun. 2017, 8:1647. (11 pages). [cited by applicant]
Mussolino, C., et al., A novel TALE nuclease scaffold enables high genome editing activity in combination with low toxicity. Nucleic Acids Research. 2011, 39(21):9283-9293. [cited by applicant]
Mussolino, C., and Cathomen, T., RNA guides genome engineering. Nat. Biotechnol. 2013, 31:208-209. [cited by applicant]
Mussolino, C., and Cathomen, T., TALE nucleases: tailored genome engineering made easy. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2012, 23(5):644-650. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Musunuru, K., Genome editing of human pluripotent stem cells to generate human cellular disease models. Dis Model Mech. 2013, 6(4):896-904. (17 pages). [cited by applicant]
Nakayama, T., et al., Simple and efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis in Xenopus tropicalis. Genesis. 2013, 51(12):835-843. (15 pages). [cited by applicant]
Nature Biotechnology Journal webpage, vol. 30 issue 9, Sep. 10, 2012, available at https://www.nature.com/nbt/volumes/30/issues/9 (last accessed on Mar. 22, 2021), (15 pages). [cited by applicant]
NCBI record for NC-002737.2, 2019, “ [cited by applicant]
Nekrasov, V., et al., Targeted mutagenesis in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana using Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease. Nat Biotechnol. 2013;31(8):691-693 and Supplemental Materials. [cited by applicant]
Ng, Y. S., et al., Chemical transfection of dye-conjugated microRNA precursors for microRNA functional analysis of M2 macrophages. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2012, 113(5):1714-1723. (10 pages). [cited by applicant]
Niinaka, Y., et al., Silencing of autocrine motility factor induces mesenchymalto-epithelial transition and suppression of osteosarcoma pulmonary metastasis. Cancer Res. 2010, 70(22):9483-9493. (11 pages). [cited by applicant]
Noland, C. L., et al., siRNA Repositioning for Guide Strand Selection by Human Dicer Complexes. Molecular Cell. 2011, 43(1):110-121. (12 pages). [cited by applicant]
Ogawa, A., Rational design of artificial riboswitches based on ligand-dependent modulation of internal ribosome entry in wheat germ extract and their applications as label-free biosensors. RNA. 2011, 17:478-488. [cited by applicant]
Pandika, M., 2014, “Jennifer Doudna, CRISPR Code Killer”, www.ozy.com/rising-stars-and-provocateurs/jennifer-doudna-crispr-code-killer/4690, Jan. 7, 2014, pp. 1-6. [cited by applicant]
Pardo, R., et al., pARIS-htt: an optimised expression platform to study huntingtin reveals functional domains required for vesicular trafficking. Mol Brain. 2010, 3:17. (17 pages). [cited by applicant]
Pattanayak, V., et al., Revealing off-target cleavage specificities of zinc finger nucleases by in vitro selection. Nat Methods, 2011, 8(9):765-770. [cited by applicant]
Pattanayak, V., et al., High-throughput profiling of off-target DNA cleavage reveals RNA-programmed Cas9 nuclease specificity. Nat. Biotechnol. 2013, 31:839-843. [cited by applicant]
Pennisi, E., Encode Project Writes Eulogy for Junk DNA. Science. 2012, 337(6099):1159-1161. (2 pages). [cited by applicant]
Pennisi, E., The CRISPR Craze. Science. 2013, 341(6148):833-836. [cited by applicant]
Perez-Pinera, P., et al., RNA-guided gene activation by CRISPR-Cas9-based transcription factors. Nat Methods. 2013, 10(10):973-976. [cited by applicant]
Perez-Pinera, P., et al., Advances in Targeted Genome Editing. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 2012, 16(3-4):268-277. (1 page). [cited by applicant]
Perez-Rodriguez, R., Elucidating a novel mechanism of DNA silencing caused by envelope stress in [cited by applicant]
Pillich, H., et al., Activation of the unfolded protein response by Listeria monocytogenes. Cellular Microbiology, 2012, 14(6):949-964. [cited by applicant]
Primo, M. N., et al., Lentiviral vectors for cutaneous RNA managing. Experimental Dermatology. 2012, 21(3):162-170. [cited by applicant]
Program and Conference Logistics provided to the attendees of the CRISPR 2012: 5th Annual CRISPR Research Meeting held at the University of California, Berkeley, CA (Jun. 2012). (5 pages). [cited by applicant]
PShooter™ Vector user guide, Invitrogen by Life Technologies, revision date Mar. 29, 2012 (36 pages). [cited by applicant]
Qi, L., et al., RNA Processing Enables Predictable Programming of Gene Expression. Nat Biotechnol. 2012, 30(10):1002-1006 and Supplementary Materials. [cited by applicant]
Qi, L. S., et al., Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-Guided Platform for Sequence-Specific Control of Gene Expression. Cell. 2013, 152(5):1173-1183. [cited by applicant]
Ramirez, C. L., et al., Engineered zinc finger nickases induce homology-directed repair with reduced mutagenic effects. Nucleic Acid Research. 2012, 40(12):5560-5568. (9 pages). [cited by applicant]
Ran, F. A., et al., Double nicking by RNA-guided CRISPR cas9 for enhanced genome editing specificity. Cell, 2013, 154(6):1380-1389. [cited by applicant]
Ran, F. A., et al., Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Nat. Protoc. 2013, 8:2281-2308. [cited by applicant]
Reyon, D., et al., FLASH assembly of TALENs for high-throughput genome editing. Nat Biotechnol. 2012, 30 (5):460-465. (8 pages). [cited by applicant]
Richter, H., et al., Exploiting CRISPR/Cas: Interference Mechanisms and Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013, 14(7):14518-14531. (14 pages). [cited by applicant]
Rios, X., et al., Stable Gene Targeting in Human Cells Using Single-Strand Oligonucleotides with Modified Bases. PLoS One. 2012, 7(5):e36697. (14 pages). [cited by applicant]
Sakurai, K., et al., Silencing of Gene Expression in Cultured Cells Using Small Interfering RNAs. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 2010;47:27.1.1-27.1.28. (28 pages). [cited by applicant]
Sander, J. D., et al., Targeted gene disruption in somatic zebrafish cells using engineered TALENs. Nature Biotechnology. 2011, 29(8):697-698 with Supplementary Information. (27 pages). [cited by applicant]
Sanders, R., 2013, “Cheap and easy technique to snip DNA could revolutionize gene therapy,” UC Berkeley News Center, Jan. 7, 2013, retrieved from the internet at <http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2013/01/07/cheap-and-easy… [cited by applicant]
Sanjana, N. E., et al., A Transcription Activator-Like Effector (TALE) Toolbox for Genome Engineering. Nat Protoc. 2012, 7(1):171-192. Supplementary Materials (28 pages). [cited by applicant]
Sapranauskas, R., et al., The [cited by applicant]
Schmidt, A., et al., Sensing of viral nucleic acids by RIG-I: from translocation to translation. European Journal of Cell Biology. 2012, 91(1):78-85. [cited by applicant]
Second Declaration of Dr. Boch dated Apr. 26, 2019 as filed in Opposition to European Patent No. 2825654 (20 pages). [cited by applicant]
Segal, D., J., Genome Engineering: Bacteria herald a new era of gene editing. eLife. 2013, 2:e00563. [cited by applicant]
Shalem, O., et al., Genome-Scale CRISPR-Cas9 Knockout Screening in Human Cells. Science. 2013, 343(6166):84-87. [cited by applicant]
Shan, Q., et al., Targeted genome modification of crop plants using a CRISPR-Cas system. Nat Biotechnol. 2013, 31(8):686-688 and Supplemental Materials. [cited by applicant]
Shen, B., et al., Generation of gene-modified mice via Cas9/RNA-mediated gene targeting. Cell Res. 2013, 23:720-723. [cited by applicant]
Singapore Written Opinion dated Mar. 18, 2016 in relation to Singapore Patent Application No. 11201503059X. [cited by applicant]
Sinkunas, T., et al., Cas3 is a single-stranded DNA nuclease and ATP-dependent helicase in the CRISPR/Cas immune system. The EMBO Journal. 2011, 30:1335-1342. (8 pages). [cited by applicant]
Strecker, J., et al., Engineering of CRISPR-Cas12b for human genome editing. Nat Commun. 2019, 10(1):212. [cited by applicant]
Sternberg, S. H., et al., DNA interrogation by the CRISPR RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9. Biophysical Journal. 2014, 106(2):62-67. (17 pages). [cited by applicant]
Sternberg, S. H., et al., Mechanism of substrate selection by a highly specific CRISPR endoribonuclease. RNA 2012, 18:661-672. (12 pages). [cited by applicant]
[cited by applicant]
Sun, C., et al., Functional reconstruction of human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (elF3). PNAS. 2011, 108(51):20473-20478. (6 pages). [cited by applicant]
Sung, Y. H., et al., Mouse genetics: Catalogue and scissors. BMB Rep. 2012, 45(12):686-692. [cited by applicant]
Sung, Y. H., et al., Highly efficient gene knockout in mice and zebrafish with RNA-guided endonucleases. Genome Res. 2014, 24:125-131. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Svitashev, S., et al., Genome editing in maize directed by CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes. Nature Communications. 2016, 7:13274. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Szczepankowska, A., Role of CRISPR/cas system in the development of bacteriophage resistance. Advances in Virus Research. 2012, 82:289-338. (50 pages). [cited by applicant]
Terns, M. P. and Terns, R. M., CRISPR-Based Adaptive Immune Systems. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2011, 14(3):321-327. (13 pages). [cited by applicant]
Tesson, L., et al., Knockout rats generated by embryo microinjection of TALENs. Nat Biotechnol. 2011, 29(8):695-696 and Supplementary Materials. (15 pages). [cited by applicant]
Thurman, R. E., et al., The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome. Nature. 2012, 489:75-82. (8 pages). [cited by applicant]
Tzur, Y. B., et al., Heritable Custom Genomic Modifications in Caenorhabditis elegans via a CRISPR-Cas9 System. Genetics. 2013, 195(3):1181-1185. (14 pages). [cited by applicant]
Urnov, F. D., et al., Genome editing with engineered zinc finger nucleases. Nat Rev Genet. 2010, 11(9):636-646. [cited by applicant]
Van Der Oost, J., New Tool for Genome Surgery. Science. 2013, 339(6121):768-770. [cited by applicant]
Vasu, K., et al., Endonuclease Active Site Plasticity Allows DNA Cleavage with Diverse Alkaline Earth and Transition Metal lons. ACS Chemical Biology. 2011, 6(9):934-942. (9 pages). [cited by applicant]
Villion, M., and Moineau, S., The double-edged sword of CRISPR-Cas9 systems. Cell Res. 2013, 23:15-17. (4 pages). [cited by applicant]
Walsh, R. M., and Hochedlinger, K., A variant CRISPR-Cas9 system adds versatility to genome engineering. PNAS, 2013, 110(39):15514-15515. [cited by applicant]
Wang, H., et al., One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. Cell. 2013, 153(4):910-918. (17 pages). [cited by applicant]
Wang, J., et al., Targeted gene addition to a predetermined site in the human genome using a ZFN-based nicking enzyme. Genome Res. 2012, 22(7):1316-1326. (11 pages). [cited by applicant]
Wang. T., et al., Genetic Screens in Human Cells Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System. Science. 2013, 343(6166):80-84. [cited by applicant]
Wee, L., et al., Argonaute divides its RNA Guide into domains with distinct functions and RNA-binding properties. Cell. 2012, 151(5):1055-1067. (23 pages). [cited by applicant]
Weeks, A., et al., Structural and Biochemical Studies of a Fluoroacetyl-CoA-Specific Thioesterase Reveal a Molecular Basis for Fluorine Selectivity. Biochemistry. 2010, 49(43):9269-9279 and Supplementary Materials. (21 … [cited by applicant]
Welch, M., et al., Chapter 3: Designing Genes for Successful Protein Expression. Eds: Voigt. C., Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press. 2011, 498:43-66. (24 pages). [cited by applicant]
Wente, S. R. and Rout, M. P., The Nuclear Pore Complex and Nuclear Transport. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010, 2:a000562. (21 pages). [cited by applicant]
Whisnant, A. W., et al., In depth analysis of the interaction of HIV-1 with cellular microRNA biogenesis and effector mechanisms. mBio. 2013, 4:10.1128/mbio.00193-13. [cited by applicant]
White, T. B. and Lambowitz, A. M., The Retrohoming of Linear Group II Intron RNAs in Drosophila melanogaster Occurs by Both DNA Ligase 4-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms. PLoS Genetics. 2012, 8(2):e1002534. (16 pag… [cited by applicant]
Wiedenheft, B., et al., RNA-guided complex from a bacterial immune system enhances target recognition through seed sequence interactions. PNAS. 2011, 108(25):10092-10097. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Wiedenheft, B., et al., Structures of the RNA-guided surveillance complex from a bacterial immune system. Nature. 2011, 477:486-489. (5 pages). [cited by applicant]
Wiedenheft, B., et al., RNA-Guided Genetic Silencing Systems in Bacteria and Archaea. Nature. 2012, 482:331-338. [cited by applicant]
Wieland, M., et al., Engineering of ribozyme-based riboswitches for mammalian cells. Methods. 2012, 56(3):351-357. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Wilen, C. B., et al., Engineering HIV-Resistant Human CD4+ T Cells with CXCR4-Specific Zinc-Finger Nucleases. PLoS Pathogens. 2011, 7(4):e1002020. (15 pages). [cited by applicant]
Wilusz, J. E., et al., tRNAs marked with CCACCA are targeted for degradation. Science. 2011, 334(6057):817-821. [cited by applicant]
Woo, J. W., et al., DNA-free genome editing in plants with preassembled CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. Nature Biotechnology. 2015, 33:1162-1164. (4 pages). [cited by applicant]
Wood, A. J., et al., Targeted Genome Editing Across Species Using ZFNs and TALENs. Science. 2011, 333(6040):307 and Supplementary Materials. (27 pages). [cited by applicant]
Wu, S. et al., Establishment of a PEG-mediated protoplast transformation system based on DNA and CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes for banana. BMC Plant Biol. 2020, 20:425. (10 pages). [cited by applicant]
Wu, Z., et al., Effect of Genome Size on AAV Vector Packaging. Molecular Therapy, 2010, 18(1):80-86. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Xu, K., The Next Generation Biotechnology for Apple Improvement and Beyond: The CRISPR/Cas9 Story. New York Fruit Quarterly. 2013, 21(4):19-22. (4 pages). [cited by applicant]
Yamano, S., et al., Comparison of Transfection Efficiency of Nonviral Gene Transfer Reagents. Mol Biotechnol. 2010, 46:287-300. (14 pages). [cited by applicant]
Yang, H., et al., One-Step Generation of Mice Carrying Reporter and Conditional Alleles by CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Genome Engineering. Cell. 2013, 154(6):1370-1379 and Supplementary Materials. [cited by applicant]
Yarris, 2012, “Programmable DNA scissors found for bacterial immune system”, downloaded from http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2012/06/28/programmabledna.scissors/ (4 pages). [cited by applicant]
Yi, Y., et al., Current Advances in Retroviral Gene Therapy. Current Gene Therapy. 2011, 11(3):218-228. [cited by applicant]
Yu, Z., et al., Highly Efficient Genome Modifications Mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 in Drosophila. Genetics. 2013, 195(1):289-291. [cited by applicant]
Zaret, K. S., and Carroll, J. S., Pioneer transcription factors: establishing competence for gene expression. Genes & Dev. 2011, 25:2227-2241. [cited by applicant]
Zhang, F., et al., Efficient construction of sequence-specific TAL effectors for modulating mammalian transcription. Nat Biotechnol. 2011, 29(2):149-153 and Supplementary Materials. (20 pages). [cited by applicant]
Zhang, Y., et al., Processing-Independent CRISPR RNAs Limit Natural Transformation in Neisseria meningitides. Molecular Cell. 2013, 50(4):488-503. (16 pages). [cited by applicant]
Zhang, Y. et al., A highly efficient rice green tissue protoplast system for transient gene expression and studying light/chloroplast-related processes. Plant Methods 2011, 7(1):30. (14 pages). [cited by applicant]
Zou, J., et al., Oxidase-deficient neutrophils from X-linked chronic granulomatous disease iPS cells: functional correction by zinc finger nuclease-mediated safe harbor targeting. Blood. 2011, 117(21):5561-5572. (13 pag… [cited by applicant]
Zuris, J. A., et al., Efficient Delivery of Genome-Editing Proteins In Vitro and In Vivo. Nat. Biotechnol. 2015, 33 (1):73-80. (26 pages). [cited by applicant]
Amaxa™ 4D-Nucleofector™ Protocol for K562 [ATCC®] For 4D-Nucleofector™ X Unit, Lonza (2010). [cited by applicant]
Bekard, I., et al. Electric Field Induced Changes in Protein Conformation. Soft Matter. 2014 10, 431-437. [cited by applicant]
Cong, L., et al. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science. 2013, 339(6121):819-823. [cited by applicant]
Jacobi, A. M., et al. Simplified CRISPR Tools for Efficient Genome Editing and Streamlined Protocols for Their Delivery into Mammalian Cells and Mouse Zygotes. Methods. May 2017; 15:121-122:16-28. [cited by applicant]
Kanchiswamy, CN., et al. Fine-Tuning Next-Generation Genome Editing Tools, Trends Biotechnology Jul. 2016;34(7):562-574. [cited by applicant]
Kim, S., et al. Highly Efficient RNA-guided Genome Editing in Human Cells via Delivery of Purified Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins. Genome Research. Jun. 2014;24(6):1012-19 and Supplemental Materials. [cited by applicant]
Liang, X., et al. Rapid and Highly Efficient Mammalian Cell Engineering via Cas9 Protein Transfection. Journal of Biotechnology. Aug. 2015. 20:208:44-53 and Supplemental Materials. [cited by applicant]
Lin, S., et al. Enhanced homology-directed human genome engineering by controlled timing of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery, Elife Research Advance 2014; 3:e04766. [cited by applicant]
Mali, P., et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013, 339(6121):823-826). [cited by applicant]
Nucleofection® Protocol for K562 Cells—Transfection in Suspension, Lonza (2024). [cited by applicant]
Rodrigues, R., et al. Electric Field Effects on Proteins—Novel Perspectives on Food and Potential Health Implications. Food Research International 2020, 137:109709. [cited by applicant]
Zelphati, O., et al. Intracellular delivery of proteins with a new lipid-mediated delivery system. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001, 276(37):35103-35110. [cited by applicant]
Zuris J. et al. Cationic lipid-mediated delivery of proteins enables efficient protein-based genome editing in vitro and in vivo. Nature Biotechnology. 2015, 33(1):73-80. [cited by applicant]