Apparatus and method for controlling hybrid three-port DC-DC power converters
A control method for a hybrid three-port DC-DC power converter combining a dual active bridge converter and a dual active bridge series resonant converter topology. The controller includes a first control loop to regulate power flow between the first port and the second port and a second control loop to regulate power flow between the second port and the third port. The first control loop employs a three-mode control methodology to regulate power flow through the dual active bridge converter between the first port and the second port. The second control loop is configured with a lower bandwidth than the first control loop and regulates power flow through the dual active bridge series resonant converter between the second port and the third port.
1 . An apparatus, comprising:
a hybrid three-port DC-DC power converter, wherein a first AC power generated by a first port is coupled to a second AC power generated by a second port through an inductive network comprising a first transformer and a first inductor, and the second AC power is coupled to a third AC power generated by a third port through a series resonant network comprising a second transformer and a second inductor coupled in series with a capacitor; and
a controller configured to
receive a first DC voltage from the first port, a second DC voltage from the second port, and a third DC voltage from the third port,
produce switch control signals, wherein the switch control signals are configured to generate the first AC power, the second AC power, and the third AC power based on one or more control parameters comprising a first internal phase shift, a first external phase shift, a switching frequency, and a second external phase shift,
use a first control loop to regulate power transfer between the first port and the second port, wherein the first control loop is configured to:
receive the first DC voltage and the second DC voltage
generate a first control signal based on a first controlled DC voltage and a first reference voltage,
generate a mode signal based on the first controlled DC voltage and a voltage gain between the first DC voltage and the second DC voltage,
generate the first internal phase shift and the first external phase shift; and
use a second control loop to regulate power transfer between the second port and the third port, wherein the second control loop is configured to;
receive the second DC voltage and the third DC voltage,
generate a control frequency and a second control signal based on a second controlled DC voltage and a second reference voltage, and
generate the switching frequency and the second external phase shift.
2 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to
set a second internal phase shift within the second AC power to zero and
set a third internal phase shift within the third AC power to zero.
3 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is further configured to decouple the first control loop from the second control loop by setting a bandwidth of the first control loop higher than a bandwidth of the second control loop.
4 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to,
when one of the first port, the second port, and the third port is idling, regulate a voltage gain between the idling port and an adjacent port to maintain a voltage gain of substantially one.
5 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein,
when power is being delivered from the first port to the second port, the first controlled DC voltage is set to the second DC voltage, and
when power is being delivered from the second port to the first port, the first controlled DC voltage is set to the first DC voltage;
when the first control signal is greater than or equal to the mode signal, generate the first external phase shift based on the first control signal and set the first internal phase shift to zero;
when the first control signal is greater than zero and less than the mode signal, generate the first external phase shift based on the mode signal, and generate the first internal phase shift based on a difference between the mode signal and the first control signal; and
when the first control signal is less than or equal to zero, generate the first external phase shift based on the mode signal and the first control signal, and generate the first internal phase shift based on the first controlled DC voltage and a voltage gain between the first DC voltage and the second DC voltage.
6 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first control loop is operated in buck mode.
7 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein,
when power is being delivered from the third port to the second port the second controlled DC voltage is set to the second DC voltage, and when power is being delivered from the second port to the third port the second controlled DC voltage is set to the third DC voltage;
when the control frequency is greater than a maximum switching frequency, set the switching frequency to the maximum switching frequency, and generate the second external phase shift corresponding to the second control signal;
when the control frequency is not greater than the maximum switching frequency, generate the switching frequency corresponding to the control frequency and generate the second external phase shift based on a gain between the second DC voltage and the third DC voltage.
8 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is further configured to generate the second external phase shift by applying an inverse cosine function to the gain between the second DC voltage and the third DC voltage.
9 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second control loop is operated in buck mode.
10 . A method for controlling a hybrid three-port DC-DC converter, the method comprising:
regulate power transfer between a first port and a second port using a first control loop;
receive, with the first control loop, a first DC voltage and a second DC voltage;
generate, with the first control loop, a first control signal based on a first controlled DC voltage and a first reference voltage;
generate, with the first control loop, a mode signal based on the first controlled DC voltage and a voltage gain between the first DC voltage and the second DC voltage;
generate, with the first control loop, a first internal phase shift and a first external phase shift; and
regulate power transfer between the second port and a third port using a second control loop,
receive, with the second control loop, the second DC voltage and a third DC voltage;
generate, with the second control loop, a control frequency and a second control signal based on a second controlled DC voltage and a second reference voltage; and
generate, with the second control loop, a switching frequency and a second external phase shift.
11 . The method of claim 10 , further comprising setting a second internal phase shift to zero and setting a third internal phase shift to zero.
12 . The method of claim 10 , further comprising setting a bandwidth of the first control loop to a higher frequency than a bandwidth of the second control loop.
13 . The method of claim 10 , further comprising, when one of the first port, the second port, or the third port is idling, regulating a voltage gain between the idling port and an adjacent port to maintain a voltage gain of substantially one.
14 . The method of claim 10 , wherein,
when power is being delivered from the first port to the second port, the first controlled DC voltage is set to the second DC voltage, and
when power is being delivered from the second port to the first port, the first controlled DC voltage is set to the first DC voltage;
when the first control signal is greater than or equal to the mode signal, generating the first external phase shift based on the first control signal, and set the first internal phase shift to zero;
when the first control signal is greater than zero and less than the mode signal, generating the first external phase shift based on the mode signal, and generate the first internal phase shift based on a difference between the mode signal and the first control signal; and
when the first control signal is less than or equal to zero, generating the first external phase shift (φ 12 ) based on a sum of the mode signal and the first control signal, and generate the first internal phase shift based on the first controlled DC voltage and a voltage gain between the first DC voltage and the second DC voltage.
15 . The method of claim 10 ,
wherein,
when power is being delivered from the third port to the second port the second controlled DC voltage is set to the second DC voltage, and
when power is being delivered from the second port to the third port the second controlled DC voltage is set to the third DC voltage;
when the control frequency is greater than a maximum switching frequency, setting the switching frequency to the maximum switching frequency, and generate the second external phase shift corresponding to the second control signal;
when the control frequency is not greater than the maximum switching frequency, generating the switching frequency corresponding to the control frequency and generate the second external phase shift based on a gain between the second DC voltage and the third DC voltage.
16 . An apparatus comprising:
a hybrid three-port DC-DC power converter, wherein a first AC power generated by a first port is coupled to a second AC power generated by a second port through an inductive network comprising a first transformer and a first inductor, and the second AC power is coupled to a third AC power generated by a third port through a series resonant network comprising a second transformer and a second inductor coupled in series with a capacitor; and
a controller configured to:
receive a first DC voltage from the first port, a second DC voltage from the second port, and a third DC voltage from the third port,
produce switch control signals, wherein the switch control signals are configured to generate the first AC power, the second AC power, and the third AC power based on one or more control parameters comprising a first internal phase shift, a first external phase shift, a switching frequency, and a second external phase shift,
use a first control loop to regulate power transfer between the first port and the second port, wherein the first control loop is configured to:
receive the first DC voltage and the second DC voltage,
generate a first control signal based on a first controlled DC voltage and a first reference voltage,
generate a mode signal based on the first controlled DC voltage and a voltage gain between the first DC voltage and the second DC voltage, and
generate the first internal phase shift and the first external phase shift; and
use a second control loop to regulate power transfer between the second port and the third port, wherein the second control loop is configured to:
receive the second DC voltage and the third DC voltage, and
generate the switching frequency and the second external phase shift.