Multi-layer coating structure to minimize phase shifts
An apparatus includes a waveguide and one or more partially reflective surfaces embedded inside the waveguide, wherein each of the one or more partially reflective surfaces includes a multi-layer coating structure, wherein a first portion of the multi-layer coating structure induces an overall phase shift of light propagating through the first portion of the multi-layer coating structure and wherein a second portion of the multi-layer coating structure is selected to decrease the overall phase shift.
1 . A waveguide comprising:
an ambient material; and
a plurality of partially reflective co-parallel surfaces embedded inside the ambient material at an angle relative to side-wall surfaces of the ambient material and configured to couple light out of the ambient material towards a predetermined eye motion box, each of the plurality of partially reflective co-parallel surfaces comprising:
a first portion comprising one or more first layers configured for one or more optical characteristics that do not include low phase shift, the one or more first layers configured to cause a first portion of light from a surrounding of the waveguide that traverses through the one or more first layers to have a phase shift relative to a second portion of the light from the surrounding of the waveguide that does not traverse through the one or more first layers; and
a second portion comprising one or more second layers configured to reduce the phase shift induced by the first portion on the light from the surrounding of the waveguide that impinges the one or more first layers.
2 . The waveguide according to claim 1 , wherein the waveguide is configured to allow the light from the surrounding of the waveguide to enter the waveguide through a first major surface of the waveguide and exit the waveguide through a second major surface of the waveguide.
3 . The waveguide according to claim 2 , wherein the waveguide is configured such that:
the first portion of the light from the surrounding of the waveguide passes through the plurality of partially reflective co-parallel surfaces; and
wherein the second portion of the light from the surrounding of the waveguide does not pass through the partially reflective co-parallel surfaces.
4 . The waveguide according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more second layers comprise a single second layer with a single refractive index.
5 . The waveguide according to claim 4 , wherein the single second layer interfaces with the first portion and the ambient material.
6 . The waveguide according to claim 4 , wherein the single refractive index corresponds to a refractive index of the ambient material.
7 . The waveguide according to claim 4 , wherein a thickness of the single second layer is greater than a thickness of any of the one or more first layers.
8 . The waveguide according to claim 4 , wherein a thickness of the single second layer is based on a central or dominant wavelength to be propagated through the waveguide.
9 . The waveguide according to claim 4 , wherein a thickness of the single second layer is based on a central field of view.
10 . The waveguide according to claim 4 , wherein a thickness of the single second layer is based on the phase shift, a central or dominant wavelength, an incident angle, a refractive index of the ambient material, and a refractive index of the single second layer.
11 . The waveguide according to claim 4 , wherein a thickness of the single second layer is based on a weighted mean of wavelengths to be propagated through the waveguide.
12 . The waveguide according to claim 11 , wherein a weighting of the weighted mean is based on a sensitivity of a human eye.
13 . The waveguide according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more second layers comprise a plurality of second layers with respective refractive indexes.
14 . The waveguide according to claim 13 , wherein the plurality of second layers are configured to have 95% or greater transmittance.
15 . The waveguide according to claim 13 , wherein the plurality of second layers comprises at least three refractive indexes.
16 . The waveguide according to claim 13 , wherein the plurality of second layers comprises an even number of layers.
17 . The waveguide according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more optical characteristics comprise one or more of reflection, transmission, chromaticity, or polarization.
18 . The waveguide according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more first layers are adjacent to the one or more second layers.
19 . The waveguide according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more first layers are interleaved with the one or more second layers.
20 . A waveguide comprising:
an ambient material; and
a plurality of partially reflective co-parallel surfaces embedded inside the ambient material at an angle relative to side-wall surfaces of the ambient material and configured to couple light out of the ambient material towards a predetermined eye motion box, each of the plurality of partially reflective co-parallel surfaces comprising:
a multi-layer coating structure comprising:
one or more layers configured to limit an overall phase shift of light from a surrounding of the waveguide that traverses through the multi-layer coating structure, relative to light from the surrounding of the waveguide that does not traverse through the multi-layer coating structure, to below a predetermined threshold.