Photonic lanterns comprising optical fibers having up-down doped claddings
A photonic lantern includes three or more optical fibers housed within a glass capillary, each optical fiber includes a core and a cladding. The photonic lantern tapers between a first and second end such that a diameter of the glass capillary is greater at the first end than the second end and the cladding of at least two of the three or more optical fibers comprises an up-down doped cladding doped with a dopant combination that includes an up-dopant and a down-dopant. The up-dopant increases and the down-dopant decreases the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding. The dopant combination decreases a material viscosity of the up-down doped cladding such that a difference in the effective refractive index between a silica cladding and the up-down doped cladding is greater in a tapered region and at the second end than at the first end.
1 . A photonic lantern comprising:
three or more optical fibers housed within a glass capillary, each optical fiber comprising a core surrounded by a cladding;
a first end opposite a second end, wherein the photonic lantern tapers between the first end and the second end such that a diameter of the glass capillary at the first end is greater than a diameter of the glass capillary at the second end;
the cladding of at least two of the three or more optical fibers comprises an up-down doped cladding doped with a dopant combination comprising an up-dopant and a down-dopant, wherein:
the up-dopant increases the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding;
the down-dopant decreases the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding; and
the dopant combination decreases a material viscosity of the up-down doped cladding; and
the cladding of at least one of the three or more optical fibers comprises a silica cladding, wherein a difference in the effective refractive index between the silica cladding and the up-down doped cladding is greater in a tapered region and at the second end of the photonic lantern than at the first end of the photonic lantern.
2 . The photonic lantern of claim 1 , wherein the three or more optical fibers each comprise a single mode optical fiber.
3 . The photonic lantern of claim 1 , wherein the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding is less than the effective refractive index of the silica cladding in the tapered region and at the second end of the photonic lantern.
4 . The photonic lantern of claim 1 , wherein the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding differs from the effective refractive index of the silica cladding at the second end of the photonic lantern by 0.05% or more.
5 . The photonic lantern of claim 1 , wherein the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding differs from the effective refractive index of the silica cladding at the second end of the photonic lantern by 0.02% or more.
6 . The photonic lantern of claim 1 , wherein the up-dopant comprises germanium, chlorine, aluminum, titanium, phosphorous, or a combination thereof, and the down-dopant comprises fluorine, boron, or a combination thereof.
7 . The photonic lantern of claim 1 , wherein the dopant combination comprises 0.05 to 1.5 wt % fluorine and 0.4 to 6 wt % germanium.
8 . The photonic lantern of claim 1 , wherein the photonic lantern tapers between the first end and the second end such that:
a diameter of the cladding of each of the three or more optical fibers at the first end is greater than a diameter of the cladding of each of the three or more optical fibers at the second end; and
a diameter of the core of each of the three or more optical fibers at the first end is greater than a diameter of the core of each of the three or more optical fibers at the second end.
9 . The photonic lantern of claim 1 , wherein a taper ratio of the glass capillary, the cladding of each of the three or more optical fibers, and the core of each of the three or more optical fibers is from five to twenty.
10 . The photonic lantern of claim 1 , wherein:
the cladding of each of the three or more optical fibers retain matching diameters from the first end to the second end of the photonic lantern; and
the core of each of the three or more optical fibers retain matching diameters from the first end to the second end of the photonic lantern.
11 . The photonic lantern of claim 1 , wherein the up-down doped cladding comprises a lower material viscosity, a lower elastic modulus, and a different coefficient of thermal expansion than the silica cladding.
12 . A method comprising:
directing light into a first end of a photonic lantern, the photonic lantern further comprising:
three or more optical fibers housed within a glass capillary, each optical fiber comprising a core surrounded by a cladding;
a second end opposite the first end, wherein the photonic lantern tapers between the first end and the second end such that a diameter of the glass capillary at the first end is greater than a diameter of the glass capillary at the second end;
the cladding of at least two of the three or more optical fibers comprises an up-down doped cladding doped with a dopant combination comprising an up-dopant and a down-dopant, wherein:
the up-dopant increases the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding;
the down-dopant decreases the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding; and
the dopant combination decreases a material viscosity of the up-down doped cladding; and
the cladding of at least one of the three or more optical fibers comprises a silica cladding, wherein:
a difference in the effective refractive index between the silica cladding and the up-down doped cladding is greater in a tapered region and at the second end of the photonic lantern than at the first end of the photonic lantern such that the light propagating from the first end to the second end of the photonic lantern retains modal isolation; and
receiving the light output at the second end of the photonic lantern with a first end of a multi-mode optical fiber.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the multi-mode optical fiber comprises a mode structure aligned with the mode structure of light exiting the second end of the photonic lantern such that a mode coupling efficiency between the three or more optical fibers of the photonic lantern and the multi-mode optical fiber is 79% or greater for a fundamental mode and at least two higher order modes excited in the multi-mode optical fiber.
14 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the multi-mode optical fiber comprises a mode structure aligned with the mode structure of light exiting the second end of the photonic lantern such that a mode coupling efficiency between the three or more optical fibers of the photonic lantern and the multi-mode optical fiber is 90% or greater for a fundamental mode and at least two higher order modes excited in the multi-mode optical fiber.
15 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding differs from the effective refractive index of the silica cladding at the second end of the photonic lantern by 0.05% or more.
16 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding differs from the effective refractive index of the silica cladding at the second end of the photonic lantern by 0.02% or more.
17 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the second end of the photonic lantern is optically coupled to the first end of the multi-mode optical fiber using free-space optics.
18 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the three or more optical fibers of the photonic lantern comprise single mode optical fibers.
19 . A method of manufacturing a photonic lantern, the method comprising:
applying heat to a central region of a photonic lantern preform, the photonic lantern preform comprising:
three or more optical fibers housed within a glass capillary, each optical fiber comprising a core surrounded by a cladding; and
a first preform end opposite a second preform end, wherein:
the cladding of at least two of the three or more optical fibers comprises an up-down doped cladding doped with a dopant combination that decreases the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding, the dopant combination comprising an up-dopant that increases the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding and a down-dopant that decreases the effective refractive index of the up-down doped cladding; and
the cladding of at least one of the three or more optical fibers comprises a silica cladding;
stretching the photonic lantern preform in a first direction from the first preform end and in a second direction from the second preform end such that the photonic lantern preform tapers in the central region; and
separating the central region to form at least one photonic lantern from the photonic lantern preform, wherein:
the photonic lantern comprises a first end corresponding with the first preform end of the photonic lantern preform and a second end corresponding with the central region of the photonic lantern preform;
the photonic lantern tapers between the first end and the second end such that a diameter of the glass capillary at the first end is greater than a diameter of the glass capillary at the second end; and
a difference in the effective refractive index between the silica cladding and the up-down doped cladding is greater in a tapered region and at the second end of the photonic lantern than at the first end of the photonic lantern.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein: (i) applying heat to the central region of a photonic lantern preform heats the central region to a softening point of a glass material of the glass capillary; or
ii) stretching the photonic lantern preform occurs while applying heat to the central region and the central region comprises a temperature of at least a softening point of the glass capillary; or
(iii) separating the central region forms a first photonic lantern and a second photonic lantern from the photonic lantern preform, wherein:
the first photonic lantern comprises a first end corresponding with the first preform end of the photonic lantern preform and a second end corresponding with the central region of the photonic lantern preform; and
the second photonic lantern comprises a first end corresponding with the second preform end of the photonic lantern preform and a second end corresponding with the central region of the photonic lantern preform.