Method of making large spring index artificial muscles
Methods for fabricating coiled polymer fibers and yarns (high-spring-index coiled fibers and yarns). Methods include inserting twist separately into individual fibers or yarns, plying the fibers or yarns by inserting plying twist, setting the ply structure without permanently binding together the fibers or yarns of different plies so that the ply structure is substantially stable against untwist when torsionally untethered, and then unwrapping the plied fibers or yarns so that a high-spring-index fiber or yarn can be obtained. In some embodiments, the unwrapped fibers or yarns are further set so that these are further stabilized. The methods can eliminate the need for a mandrel, and can be quickly applied for applications where high-spring-index thermally-driven artificial muscles are presently employed, such as for presently commercialized comfort-adjusting jackets.
1 . A method comprising making a high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn, wherein the method makes the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn without using a sacrificial core material whose diameter approximately defines the inner-coil diameter, and wherein the method to make the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn comprises:
(a) inserting twist separately into two or more individual fibers and/or yarns;
(b) plying the two or more individual fibers and/or yarns by inserting plying twist to form a multi-ply structure;
(c) setting the multi-ply structure without permanently binding together the two or more individual fibers and/or yarns of different plies in the multi-ply structure so that the multi-ply structure is substantially stable against untwist when torsionally untethered; and
(d) after the step of setting, unplying the two or more individual fibers and/or yarns of different plies in the multi-ply structure to obtain the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein
(a) the two or more individual fibers and/or yarns comprises an individual fiber and an individual yarn;
(b) at least one of the individual fiber and the individual yarn is selected from the group consisting of elastomeric polymers, non-elastomeric polymers, metal wires, metal yarns, carbon fibers, carbon yarns, carbon nanotube yarns, and combinations thereof.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the individual yarn in the plied structure is a carbon nanotube yarn.
4 . The method of claim 3 further comprising using the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn in a use selected from the group consisting of electrochemical artificial muscles, solvent-driven artificial muscles, mechanical energy harvesters, and self-powered strain sensors.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the two or more individual fibers and/or yarns of different plies in the multi-ply structure is a sheath-core fiber or yarn.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the sheath-core fiber or yarn comprises a sheath that is electrically conductive.
7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the sheath is selected from a group consisting of carbon nanotube sheets, wrapped metal films, and conductive powder coatings.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein plying twist density is used to vary the spring index of the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein plying twist density is varied along length of the multi-ply structure, so that a high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn having multiple spring indexes along its length can be obtained.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein spring index is varied so that a first coil having a first spring index can pass through adjacent second coil having a second spring index in which the first spring index is less than the second spring index.
11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein essentially all adjacent coils to the first coil have a spring index greater than the first spring index, such that coil chirality of an actuated muscle comprising the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn can transform between homochiral and heterochiral during actuation.
12 . A method comprising making a high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn, wherein the method makes the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn without using a sacrificial core material whose diameter approximately defines the inner-coil diameter, and wherein the method to make the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn comprises:
(a) inserting twist separately into two or more individual fibers and/or yarns, wherein the amount of the twist insert is below a level of twist that results in the coiling of the two or more individual fibers and/or yarns;
(b) plying the two or more individual fibers and/or yarns by inserting plying twist to form a multi-ply structure, wherein the amount of plying twist inserted creates coils in the two or more individual fibers and/or yarns of the multi-ply structure;
(c) performing a first setting process upon the multi-ply structure to set the coils in the two or more individual fibers and/or yarns of the multi-ply structure without permanently binding together the two or more individual fibers and/or yarns in the multi-ply structure so that the multi-ply structure is substantially stable against untwist when torsionally untethered;
(d) after the step of setting, unplying the two or more individual fibers and/or yarns in the multi-ply structure to obtain the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn; and
(e) after the step of unplying, performing a second setting process in which the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn is set when not torsionally or positionally tethered.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein
(a) the first setting process comprises a first annealing process; and
(b) the second setting process comprises a second annealing process.
14 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn is a high-spring-index homochiral fiber or yarn.
15 . The method of claim 12 , wherein
(a) the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn is a high-spring-index fiber or yarn with multiple twist levels,
(b) at least one of the twist levels of the multiple twist levels has a first spring index,
(c) at least a different one of the twist levels of the multiple twist levels has a second spring index, and
(d) the first spring index level and the second spring index level are different spring index levels.
16 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn is a high-spring-index homochiral CNT fiber or yarn.
17 . A method comprising:
(a) selecting a high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn made by the method of claim 12 ;
(b) incorporating the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn in a textile.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the textile is a comfort adjusting textile that can be used in cold temperatures, hot temperatures, or both.
19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the high-spring-index coiled fiber or yarn is a high-spring-index coiled PEC fiber or yarn.