Voltage reference apparatus and control method
An apparatus includes a first resistor, a first negative threshold transistor, a second resistor and a second negative threshold transistor coupled in series between a first voltage bus and a second voltage bus, and a first positive threshold transistor connected between a common node of the second resistor and the first negative threshold transistor, and the first voltage bus, wherein a first reference voltage is generated on a first reference voltage bus, and wherein the first reference voltage bus is coupled to a common node of a drain/source terminal of the second negative threshold transistor and the second resistor.
1 . An apparatus comprising:
a first resistor, a first negative threshold transistor having a first negative threshold voltage, a second resistor and a second negative threshold transistor having a second negative threshold voltage, wherein the first resistor, the first negative threshold transistor, the second resistor, and the second negative threshold transistor are coupled in series between a first voltage bus and a second voltage bus; and
a first positive threshold transistor having a positive threshold voltage, wherein the first positive threshold transistor is connected between a common node of the second resistor and the first negative threshold transistor, and the first voltage bus, wherein a first reference voltage is generated on a first reference voltage bus, and wherein the first reference voltage bus is coupled to a common node of a drain/source terminal of the second negative threshold transistor and the second resistor.
2 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the first voltage bus is connected to ground;
the second voltage bus is connected to a bias voltage source; and
the first negative threshold transistor, the second negative threshold transistor and the first positive threshold transistor are n-type transistors.
3 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
a drain of the first negative threshold transistor is connected to the second resistor;
a source of the first negative threshold transistor is connected to the first resistor; and
a gate of the first negative threshold transistor is connected to the first voltage bus.
4 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
a drain of the second negative threshold transistor is connected to the second voltage bus;
a source of the second negative threshold transistor is connected to the second resistor; and
a gate of the second negative threshold transistor is connected to the common node of the second resistor and the first negative threshold transistor.
5 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
a drain of the first positive threshold transistor is connected to the common node of the second resistor and the first negative threshold transistor;
a source of the first positive threshold transistor is connected to the first voltage bus; and
a gate of the first positive threshold transistor is connected to the common node of the second resistor and the first negative threshold transistor.
6 . The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a capacitor connected between the common node of the second resistor and the second negative threshold transistor, and the first voltage bus.
7 . The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a low-pass filter connected between the common node of the second resistor and the second negative threshold transistor, and the first voltage bus, and wherein the low-pass filter comprises a filter resistor and a filter capacitor, and wherein:
the filter resistor is connected between the common node of the second resistor and the second negative threshold transistor, and the first reference voltage bus; and
the filter capacitor is connected between the first reference voltage bus and the first voltage bus.
8 . The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a first low-pass filter connected between the common node of the second resistor and the second negative threshold transistor, and the first voltage bus; and
a second low-pass filter connected between the second voltage bus and the second negative threshold transistor, wherein the first low-pass filter comprises a first filter resistor and a first filter capacitor, and the second low-pass filter comprises a second filter resistor and a second filter capacitor, and wherein:
the first filter resistor is connected between the common node of the second resistor and the second negative threshold transistor, and the first reference voltage bus;
the first filter capacitor is connected between the first reference voltage bus and the first voltage bus;
the second filter resistor is connected between the second reference voltage bus and the second negative threshold transistor; and
the second filter capacitor is connected between a common node of the second filter resistor and the second negative threshold transistor, and the first voltage bus.
9 . The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a third resistor, a third negative threshold transistor, a fourth resistor and a fourth negative threshold transistor coupled in series between the first reference voltage bus and the second voltage bus; and
a second positive threshold transistor connected between a common node of the fourth resistor and the third negative threshold transistor, and the first reference voltage bus, wherein a second reference voltage is generated on a second reference voltage bus, and wherein the second reference voltage bus is connected to a common node of a drain/source terminal of the fourth negative threshold transistor and the fourth resistor.
10 . The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a third resistor, a third negative threshold transistor, a fourth resistor and a fourth negative threshold transistor coupled in series between the first reference voltage bus and the second voltage bus;
a second positive threshold transistor connected between a common node of the fourth resistor and the third negative threshold transistor, and the first reference voltage bus, wherein a second reference voltage is generated on a second reference voltage bus, and wherein the second reference voltage bus is connected to a common node of a drain/source terminal of the fourth negative threshold transistor and the fourth resistor;
a fifth resistor, a fifth negative threshold transistor, a sixth resistor and a sixth negative threshold transistor coupled in series between the second reference voltage bus and the second voltage bus; and
a third positive threshold transistor connected between a common node of the sixth resistor and the fifth negative threshold transistor, and the second reference voltage bus, wherein a third reference voltage is generated on a third reference voltage bus, and wherein the third reference voltage bus is connected to a common node of a drain/source terminal of the sixth negative threshold transistor and the sixth resistor.
11 . A method comprising:
providing a first voltage reference apparatus comprising a first resistor, a first negative threshold transistor having a first negative threshold voltage, a second resistor and a second negative threshold transistor having a second negative threshold voltage, wherein the first resistor, the first negative threshold transistor, the second resistor, and the second negative threshold transistor are coupled in series between a first voltage bus and a second voltage bus, and a first positive threshold transistor having a positive threshold voltage, wherein the first positive threshold transistor is connected between a common node of the second resistor and the first negative threshold transistor, and the first voltage bus; and
configuring the first voltage reference apparatus to generate a first reference voltage on a first reference voltage bus, wherein the first reference voltage is equal to a sum of a voltage on the first voltage bus, a gate-to-source voltage of the first positive threshold transistor and a source-to-gate voltage of the second negative threshold transistor.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein:
the first reference voltage bus is connected to a common node of a source of the second negative threshold transistor and the second resistor.
13 . The method of claim 11 , wherein:
a drain of the first negative threshold transistor is connected to the second resistor;
a source of the first negative threshold transistor is connected to the first resistor;
a gate of the first negative threshold transistor is connected to the first voltage bus;
a drain of the second negative threshold transistor is connected to the second voltage bus;
a source of the second negative threshold transistor is connected to the second resistor;
a gate of the second negative threshold transistor is connected to the common node of the second resistor and the first negative threshold transistor;
a drain of the first positive threshold transistor is connected to the common node of the second resistor and the first negative threshold transistor;
a source of the first positive threshold transistor is connected to the first voltage bus; and
a gate of the first positive threshold transistor is connected to the common node of the second resistor and the first negative threshold transistor.
14 . The method of claim 11 , further comprising:
providing a second voltage reference apparatus over the first voltage reference apparatus, wherein the second voltage reference apparatus comprises a third resistor, a third negative threshold transistor, a fourth resistor and a fourth negative threshold transistor coupled in series between the first reference voltage bus and the second voltage bus, and a second positive threshold transistor connected between a common node of the fourth resistor and the third negative threshold transistor, and the first reference voltage bus; and
configuring the second voltage reference apparatus to generate a second reference voltage on a second reference voltage bus, wherein the second reference voltage is equal to a sum of the first reference voltage, a source-to-gate voltage of the fourth negative threshold transistor and a gate-to-source voltage of the second positive threshold transistor.
15 . The method of claim 11 , further comprising:
providing a second voltage reference apparatus over the first voltage reference apparatus and a third voltage reference apparatus over the second voltage reference apparatus, wherein:
the second voltage reference apparatus comprises a third resistor, a third negative threshold transistor, a fourth resistor and a fourth negative threshold transistor coupled in series between the first reference voltage bus and the second voltage bus, and a second positive threshold transistor connected between a common node of the fourth resistor and the third negative threshold transistor, and the first reference voltage bus; and
the third voltage reference apparatus comprises a fifth resistor, a fifth negative threshold transistor, a sixth resistor and a sixth negative threshold transistor coupled in series between the second reference voltage bus and the second voltage bus, and a third positive threshold transistor connected between a common node of the sixth resistor and the fifth negative threshold transistor, and the second reference voltage bus;
configuring the second voltage reference apparatus to generate a second reference voltage on a second reference voltage bus, wherein the second reference voltage is equal to a sum of the first reference voltage, a source-to-gate voltage of the fourth negative threshold transistor and a gate-to-source voltage of the second positive threshold transistor; and
configuring the third voltage reference apparatus to generate a third reference voltage on a third reference voltage bus, wherein the third reference voltage is equal to a sum of the second reference voltage, a source-to-gate voltage of the sixth negative threshold transistor and a gate-to-source voltage of the third positive threshold transistor.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein:
the second reference voltage bus is connected to a common node of a source of the fourth negative threshold transistor and the fourth resistor; and
the third reference voltage bus is connected to a common node of a source of the sixth negative threshold transistor and the sixth resistor.
17 . A system comprising:
a plurality of voltage reference apparatuses stacked over one another between a first voltage bus and a second voltage bus to form a voltage reference system configured to generate a plurality of reference voltages, wherein each voltage reference apparatus comprises:
two resistors and two negative threshold transistors having negative threshold voltages, wherein the two negative threshold transistors are coupled in series; and
one positive threshold transistor having a positive threshold voltage, wherein the one positive threshold transistor is connected in parallel with a circuit branch comprising one negative threshold transistor and one resistor connected in series.
18 . The system of claim 17 , wherein the voltage reference system comprises a second voltage reference apparatus stacked over a first voltage reference apparatus, and wherein:
the first voltage reference apparatus comprises a first resistor, a first negative threshold transistor, a second resistor and a second negative threshold transistor coupled in series between the first voltage bus and the second voltage bus, and a first positive threshold transistor connected between a common node of the second resistor and the first negative threshold transistor, and the first voltage bus, and wherein a first reference voltage is generated on a first reference voltage bus, and wherein the first reference voltage bus is connected to a source of the second negative threshold transistor and the second resistor; and
the second voltage reference apparatus comprises a third resistor, a third negative threshold transistor, a fourth resistor and a fourth negative threshold transistor coupled in series between the first reference voltage bus and the second voltage bus, and a second positive threshold transistor connected between a common node of the fourth resistor and the third negative threshold transistor, and the first reference voltage bus, and wherein a second reference voltage is generated on a second reference voltage bus, and wherein the second reference voltage bus is connected to a source of the fourth negative threshold transistor and the fourth resistor.
19 . The system of claim 17 , wherein the voltage reference system comprises a second voltage reference apparatus stacked over a first voltage reference apparatus, and a third voltage reference apparatus stacked over the second voltage reference apparatus, and wherein:
the first voltage reference apparatus comprises a first resistor, a first negative threshold transistor, a second resistor and a second negative threshold transistor coupled in series between the first voltage bus and the second voltage bus, and a first positive threshold transistor connected between a common node of the second resistor and the first negative threshold transistor, and the first voltage bus, and wherein a first reference voltage is generated on a first reference voltage bus, and wherein the first reference voltage bus is connected to a source of the second negative threshold transistor and the second resistor;
the second voltage reference apparatus comprises a third resistor, a third negative threshold transistor, a fourth resistor and a fourth negative threshold transistor coupled in series between the first reference voltage bus and the second voltage bus, and a second positive threshold transistor connected between a common node of the fourth resistor and the third negative threshold transistor, and the first reference voltage bus, and wherein a second reference voltage is generated on a second reference voltage bus, and wherein the second reference voltage bus is connected to a source of the fourth negative threshold transistor and the fourth resistor; and
the third voltage reference apparatus comprises a fifth resistor, a fifth negative threshold transistor, a sixth resistor and a sixth negative threshold transistor coupled in series between the second reference voltage bus and the second voltage bus, and a third positive threshold transistor connected between a common node of the sixth resistor and the fifth negative threshold transistor, and the second reference voltage bus, and wherein a third reference voltage is generated on a third reference voltage bus, and wherein the third reference voltage bus is connected to a source of the sixth negative threshold transistor and the sixth resistor.
20 . The system of claim 17 , wherein:
the first voltage bus is connected to ground; and
the second voltage bus is connected to a bias voltage source.