Method to improve ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte in a battery cell
A method to create a garnet-based solid electrolyte separator for a battery cell is provided. The method includes coating a garnet-based material powder, initially including a lithium carbonate layer upon an outer surface of the garnet-based material powder, with aluminum fluoride to create a fluoride-treated garnet-based material powder. The method further includes operating a solid-state reaction upon the fluoride-treated garnet-based material powder, such that the aluminum fluoride reacts with the lithium carbonate layer to create aluminum oxide, carbon dioxide, and lithium fluoride. The solid-state reaction creates a fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder including the aluminum oxide and the lithium fluoride. The method further includes sintering the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder including the aluminum oxide and the lithium fluoride. The sintering includes applying pressure upon the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder to densify the powder and create the separator.
1 . A method to create a garnet-based solid electrolyte separator for a battery cell, the method comprising:
coating a garnet-based material powder, initially including a lithium carbonate layer upon an outer surface of the garnet-based material powder, with aluminum fluoride to create a fluoride-treated garnet-based material powder;
operating a solid-state reaction upon the fluoride-treated garnet-based material powder, such that the aluminum fluoride reacts with the lithium carbonate layer to create aluminum oxide, carbon dioxide, and lithium fluoride, wherein the solid-state reaction creates a fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder including the aluminum oxide and the lithium fluoride; and
sintering the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder including the aluminum oxide and the lithium fluoride, wherein the sintering includes applying pressure upon the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder to densify the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder and create the garnet-based solid electrolyte separator.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the garnet-based material powder includes a lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) powder or a doped LLZO powder including aluminum, gallium, niobium, or tantalum as a dopant.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum oxide acts as a dopant to stabilize the LLZO powder or the doped LLZO powder in a cubic phase.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein coating the garnet-based material powder further includes coating the garnet-based material powder with GaF 3 , NbF 5 , or TaF 5 .
5 . The method of claim 1 , where coating the garnet-based material powder includes utilizing atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), a solution process, or dry powder mixing of the garnet-based material powder with a nano-sized fluoride including AlF 3 , GaF 3 , NbF 3 , or TaF 5 .
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein sintering further includes utilizing the lithium fluoride as a sintering aid, thereby enabling a relatively lower minimum temperature during the sintering.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein sintering further includes applying increasing pressure over time upon the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the solid-state reaction includes heating the fluoride-treated garnet-based material powder to a temperature of not more than 500° C.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein sintering further includes heating the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder to a temperature of 1050° C. for 1 hour under a pressure of 80 megapascals.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein sintering further includes hot-pressing the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder under pressure of at least 10 megapascals into pellets.
11 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising, after the sintering, pairing residual lithium carbonate or newly formed, post-sintering lithium carbonate with the lithium fluoride, and create space-charge configured for facilitating lithium-ion diffusion through grain boundaries of the garnet-based solid electrolyte separator.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid electrolyte separator includes grain boundaries including a mixture of LiF and Li 2 CO 3 or a mixture of LiF and LiAlO 2 .
13 . A method to create a solid electrolyte separator for a battery cell, the method comprising:
creating the solid electrolyte separator, including:
coating an LLZO powder, initially including a lithium carbonate layer upon an outer surface of the LLZO powder, with aluminum fluoride to create a fluoride-treated LLZO powder;
operating a solid-state reaction upon the fluoride-treated LLZO powder, such that the aluminum fluoride reacts with the lithium carbonate layer to create aluminum oxide, carbon dioxide, and lithium fluoride, wherein the solid-state reaction creates a fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted LLZO powder including the aluminum oxide and the lithium fluoride; and
sintering the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted LLZO powder including the aluminum oxide and the lithium fluoride, wherein the sintering includes applying pressure upon the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted LLZO powder to densify the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted LLZO powder and create the solid electrolyte separator; and
creating the battery cell including:
disposing an anode and a cathode within an external case; and
disposing the solid electrolyte separator between and in contact with the anode and the cathode; and
wherein the aluminum oxide acts as a dopant to stabilize the LLZO powder in a cubic phase.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein coating the LLZO powder further includes coating the LLZO powder with GaF 3 , NbF 5 , or TaF 5 .
15 . The method of claim 13 , wherein sintering further includes utilizing the lithium fluoride as a sintering aid, thereby enabling a relatively lower minimum temperature during the sintering.
16 . The method of claim 13 , wherein sintering further includes applying increasing pressure over time upon the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted LLZO powder.
17 . The method of claim 13 , wherein operating the solid-state reaction includes heating the fluoride-treated LLZO powder to a temperature of not more than 500° C.
18 . The method of claim 13 , wherein sintering further includes heating the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted LLZO powder to a temperature of 1050° C. for 1 hour under a pressure of 80 megapascals.
19 . The method of claim 13 , wherein sintering further includes hot-pressing the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted LLZO powder under pressure of at least 10 megapascals into pellets.
20 . A solid electrolyte separator for use in a battery cell, comprising:
the solid electrolyte separator created by:
coating a garnet-based material powder, initially including a lithium carbonate layer upon an outer surface of the garnet-based material powder, with aluminum fluoride to create a fluoride-treated garnet-based material powder;
operating a solid-state reaction upon the fluoride-treated garnet-based material powder, such that the aluminum fluoride reacts with the lithium carbonate layer to create aluminum oxide, carbon dioxide, and lithium fluoride, wherein the solid-state reaction creates a fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder including the aluminum oxide and the lithium fluoride; and
sintering the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder including the aluminum oxide and the lithium fluoride, wherein the sintering includes applying pressure upon the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder to densify the fluoride-treated and solid-state reacted garnet-based material powder and create the solid electrolyte separator.