Method of selective foaming for porous polymeric material
A selective high intensity ultrasonic foaming technique is described to fabricate porous polymers for biomedical applications. Process variables, including ultrasound power, scanning speed, and gas concentration have an affect on pore size. Pore size can be controlled with the scanning speed of the ultrasound insonation and interconnected porous structures could be obtained using a partially saturated polymers. A gas concentration range of 3-5% by weight creates interconnected open-celled porous structures. The selective high intensity ultrasonic foaming method can be used on biocompatible polymers so as not to introduce any organic solvents. The method has use in cell related biomedical applications such as studying cell growth behaviors by providing a porous environment with varying topological features.
1. A method for making a microcellular porous foam, comprising:
impregnating a thermoplastic polymer with a gas to produce a gas-impregnated polymer;
generating ultrasonic waves with an ultrasound transducer;
focusing the ultrasonic waves into a focal zone;
passing a selected region of the gas-impregnated polymer within the focal zone, wherein the ultrasound transducer is not in contact with the gas-impregnated polymer; and
inducing gas within the polymer to nucleate and form bubbles in the region exposed to the focal zone to form a porous foam, wherein a size of the formed porous foam is commensurate with a size of the focal zone.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the foam comprises pores having an average diameter of 10 μm to 200 μm.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the foam comprises pores having an average diameter of 80 μm to 200 μm.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas is carbon dioxide or nitrogen or a combination thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising impregnating the polymer with the gas at a pressure from 2 MPa to 10 MPa at room temperature.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is biocompatible or biodegradable.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is poly(lactic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(methyl methacrylate), or polystyrene.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is fully saturated with gas.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is partially saturated with gas.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer has a gas concentration of about 3% to 5% by weight.
11. The method of claim 1 , comprising allowing the polymer to desorb gas after impregnating with the gas.
12. The method of claim 1 , comprising fully saturating the polymer with a gas, followed by desorption of gas to achieve a partially saturated polymer.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising controlling power and ultrasound scanning speed during applying ultrasonic energy to affect the pore diameter size of the foam.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is partially saturated with the gas and the gas concentration is variable throughout the polymer.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising selecting a region of the polymer to insonate with ultrasonic energy to create a localized foam in the polymer.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the porous region of foam in the polymer has a side dimension not exceeding about 1 mm.
17. The method of claim 15 , comprising focusing the ultrasonic energy onto a localized area of the polymer.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous foam comprises interconnected open-celled pores.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous foam comprises close-celled pores.
20. The method of claim 1 , further comprising moving the focal zone relative to the gas-impregnated polymer in at least one direction to create a linear porous foam.
21. The method of claim 1 , further comprising locating an ultrasound transducer and the gas-impregnated polymer in water to allow ultrasound wave propagation.
22. The method of claim 1 , further comprising creating more than one porous foam in the same polymer, each porous foam being separate.
23. The method of claim 1 , further comprising controlling the distance of the polymer with respect to a focal plane.
24. The method of claim 1 , further comprising heating a localized area of the polymer.
25. The method of claim 1 , further comprising moving the focal zone relative to the gas-impregnated polymer in three directions.
26. A method for making a microcellular porous structure, comprising:
impregnating a thermoplastic polymer with a gas to produce a gas-impregnated polymer;
generating ultrasonic waves;
focusing the ultrasonic waves into a focal zone;
passing a region of the gas-impregnated polymer within the focal zone and heating a localized area of the polymer; and
inducing gas within the polymer to nucleate and form bubbles in the region exposed to the focal zone to form a localized porous structure in the polymer.