Hybrid nanoparticle TFC membranes
Reverse osmosis membranes made by interfacial polymerization of a monomer in a nonpolar (e.g. organic) phase together with a monomer in a polar (e.g. aqueous) phase on a porous support membrane. Interfacial polymerization process is disclosed for preparing a highly permeable RO membrane, comprising: contacting on a porous support membrane, a) a first solution containing 1,3-diaminobenzene, and b) a second solution containing trimesoyl chloride, wherein at least one of solutions a) and b) contains nanoparticles when said solutions are first contacted, and recovering a highly permeable RO membrane.
1. An interfacial polymerization process for preparing a highly permeable reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, comprising:
contacting on a porous support membrane,
a) a first solution containing a polyfunctional acyl halide, and
b) a second solution containing a polyamine, wherein a metal beta-diketonate compound is present in a) or b) during the polymerization reaction,
wherein at least one of solutions a) and b) contains nanoparticles; and
recovering a highly permeable RO membrane.
2. A RO membrane prepared according to the process of claim 1 wherein the Ro membrane is characterized by a flux that is greater than the flux of a RO membrane prepared in the absence of the metal beta-diketonate compound.
3. The interfacial polymerization process of claim 1 in which the first solution contains a polyfunctional acyl halide and nanoparticles.
4. An interfacial polymerization process for preparing a highly permeable reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, comprising:
contacting on a porous support membrane to form a discrimination layer by interfacial polymerization:
a) a first solution containing a polyfunctional acyl halide; and
b) a second solution containing a polyamine and a metal additive selected from among strontium hexafluoroacetylacetonate (Sr(F 6 acac) 2 ) and aluminum acetylacetonate (Al(acac) 3 ),
wherein at least one of solutions a) and b) contains nanoparticles; and
recovering a highly permeable RO membrane comprising the porous support membrane and the discrimination layer, wherein the RO membrane is characterized by a flux that is greater than the flux of a RO membrane prepared in the absence of the metal additive.
5. The process of claim 4 , wherein the polyamine is selected from among diaminobenzene, triaminobenzene, m-phenylene diamine, p-phenylene diamine, 3,5-diamino-benzoic acid, 2,4-diaminotoluene, 2,4-diaminoanisole, xylylene-diamine, ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, piperazine, and tris(2-diaminoethyl)amine.
6. The process of claim 4 wherein the polyfunctional acid halide is selected from among trimesoyl chloride, trimellitic acid chloride, isophthaloyl chloride, and terephthaloyl chloride.
7. The process of claim 4 , further comprising exposing the discrimination layer to a sodium carbonate solution of pH 8-12 for a time period from about 10 seconds to about 30 minutes.
8. The process of claim 4 , further comprising applying a rinse to the discrimination layer, wherein:
a) the rinse comprises water at a temperature of from 60° C. to 98° C.; or
b) the rinse comprises a chlorine species.
9. A RO membrane prepared according to the process of claim 4 , wherein the membrane exhibits:
a) a salt rejection of at least 99.5% when the membrane is exposed to deionized water containing 32,000 ppm NaCl at a temperature of 25° C. and at a pressure of 800 psi; or
b) a flux of at least 30 gfd when the membrane is exposed to deionized water containing 32,000 ppm NaCl at a temperature of 25° C. and at a pressure of 800 psi; or
c) both a) and b).
10. A method of purifying brackish water or seawater, comprising contacting the brackish water or seawater with the RO membrane of claim 9 .