Stabilized alpha helical peptides and uses thereof
Novel polypeptides and methods of making and using the same are described herein. The polypeptides include cross-linking (“hydrocarbon stapling”) moieties to provide a tether between two amino acid moieties, which constrains the secondary structure of the polypeptide. The polypeptides described herein can be used to treat diseases characterized by excessive or inadequate cellular death.
1. A cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of Formula (I):
wherein:
each R 1 and R 2 are independently H, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, or heterocyclylalkyl; wherein at least either R 1 or R 2 is C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, or heterocyclylalkyl;
R 3 is a covalent crosslink spanning from one to two turns of an alpha helix;
x is an integer selected from 2 to 6;
each y is independently an integer from 0-100;
z is an integer from 1-10; and
each Xaa is independently an amino acid,
wherein the polypeptide has a substantially alpha helical secondary structure in aqueous solution and penetrates a cell membrane.
2. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide is transported or actively transported through the cell membrane, as determined in a fluorescent assay.
3. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 2 , wherein the fluorescent assay comprises fluorescently-labeling the cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide, applying the fluorescently-labeled cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide to an intact cell, and assaying the cell for cellular fluorescence by microscopy or high-throughput cellular fluorescence detection.
4. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein the cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide has enhanced cell penetrability relative to a corresponding uncrosslinked polypeptide.
5. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein the cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide displays enhanced alpha-helicity compared to a corresponding uncrosslinked polypeptide.
6. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein x is 2, 3, or 6.
7. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein z is 1.
8. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein each y is independently an integer between 3 and 15.
9. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
10. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein R 1 or R 2 is H.
11. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein at least one of R 1 and R 2 is methyl.
12. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein:
R 3 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, [R 4 —K—R 4 ] n , or a naturally occurring amino acid side chain, wherein
R 3 is substituted with 0-6 R 5 ;
R 4 is alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl;
R 5 is halo, alkyl, OR 6 , N(R 6 ) 2 , SR 6 , SOR 6 , SO 2 R 6 , CO 2 R 6 , R 6 , an epoxide, a fluorescent moiety, or a radioisotope;
K is O, S, SO, SO 2 , CO, CO 2 , CONR 6 , or
R 6 is H, alkyl, or a therapeutic agent; and
n is an integer from 1-4.
13. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 12 , wherein R 3 is alkyl or alkenyl.
14. A method of promoting apoptosis of a neoplastic cell in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a helical cross-linked polypeptide derived from a protein involved in a cellular apoptotic pathway, wherein the cross-linked polypeptide is of Formula (I):
wherein:
each R 1 and R 2 are independently H, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, or heterocyclylalkyl; wherein at least either R 1 or R 2 is C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, or heterocyclylalkyl;
R 3 is a covalent crosslink spanning from one to two turns of an alpha helix;
x is an integer selected from 2 to 6;
each y is independently an integer from 0-100;
z is an integer from 1-10; and
each Xaa is independently an amino acid.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the cross-linked polypeptide displays enhanced alpha-helicity compared to a corresponding uncrosslinked polypeptide.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the cross-linked polypeptide displays enhanced cell permeability compared to a corresponding uncrosslinked polypeptide.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the cross-linked polypeptide comprises an alpha-helical domain of a BCL-2 family member.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the cross-linked polypeptide comprises an alpha-helical BH3 domain of a BCL-2 family member.
19. The method of claim 14 , wherein x is 2, 3, or 6.
20. The method of claim 14 , wherein z is 1.
21. The method of claim 14 , wherein each y is independently an integer between 3 and 15.
22. The method of claim 14 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
23. The method of claim 14 , wherein at least one of R 1 and R 2 is methyl.
24. The method of claim 14 , wherein R 1 or R 2 is H.
25. The method of claim 14 , wherein:
R 3 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, [R 4 —K—R 4 ] n , or a naturally occurring amino acid side chain,
wherein R 3 is substituted with 0-6 R 5 ;
each R 4 is independently alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl;
R 5 is halo, alkyl, OR 6 , N(R 6 ) 2 , SR 6 , SOR 6 , SO 2 R 6 , CO 2 R 6 , R 6 , an epoxide, a fluorescent moiety, or a radioisotope;
K is O, S, SO, SO 2 , CO, CO 2 , CONR 6 , or
R 6 is H, alkyl, or a therapeutic agent; and
n is an integer from 1-4.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein R 3 is alkyl or alkenyl.
27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
28. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein each R 1 and R 2 are independently C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, or heterocyclylalkyl.
29. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein each R 1 are independently C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, or heterocyclylalkyl.
30. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein the cross-linked polypeptide displays increased permeability compared to a polypeptide that is not cross-linked.
31. The cell-penetrable cross-linked polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein each R 2 are independently C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, or heterocyclylalkyl.
32. The method of claim 14 , wherein the neoplastic cell is a fibrosarcoma, myosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyo sarcoma, rhabdomyo sarcoma, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, rectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, cancer of the head and neck, skin cancer, brain cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilm's tumor, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, leukemia, lymphoma, or Kaposi sarcoma cell.