Alkali and alkaline-earth ion batteries with hexacyanometallate cathode and non-metal anode
A battery structure is provided for making alkali ion and alkaline-earth ion batteries. The battery has a hexacyanometallate cathode, a non-metal anode, and non-aqueous electrolyte. A method is provided for forming the hexacyanometallate battery cathode and non-metal battery anode prior to the battery assembly. The cathode includes hexacyanometallate particles overlying a current collector. The hexacyanometallate particles have the chemical formula A′ n′ A m M1 x M2 y (CN) 6 , and have a Prussian Blue hexacyanometallate crystal structure.
1. A battery with a hexacyanometallate cathode and a hard carbon anode, the battery comprising:
the cathode with hexacyanometallate particles overlying a current collector, the hexacyanometallate particles having a chemical formula Na m Mn x Fe y (CN) 6 , and having a Prussian Blue hexacyanometallate crystal structure,
where m is in a range of greater than 1 to 2;
where x is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where y is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
a non-aqueous electrolyte capable of conducting Na cations;
the hard carbon anode; and,
an ion-permeable membrane separating the hard carbon anode from the cathode.
2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte is selected from a group consisting of organic, gel, polymer, and solid electrolytes.
3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the ion permeable membrane is a Na + -ion permeable membrane; and,
wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte is a Na + soluble non-aqueous electrolyte.
4. A battery with a hexacyanometallate cathode and non-metal anode, the battery comprising:
the cathode with hexacyanometallate particles overlying a current collector, the hexacyanometallate particles having a chemical formula Na m Mn x Fe y (CN) 6 .z(H 2 O), and having a Prussian Blue hexacyanometallate crystal structure,
where m is in a range of greater than 1 to 2;
where x is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where y is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where z is in a range of 0 to 10;
a non-aqueous electrolyte capable of conducting Na cations;
the non-metal anode primarily comprising a material, other than a Prussian Blue hexacyanometallate, capable of accepting inserted Na + ions and supplying de-inserted Na + ions; and,
an ion-permeable membrane separating the non-metal anode from the cathode.
5. The battery of claim 4 , wherein the non-metal anode comprises 60% by weight (wt. %) to 95 wt. % of a material selected from a group consisting of carbonaceous materials, hard carbon, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, silicon, and silicon nanostructures with carbonaceous materials.
6. The battery of claim 4 , wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte is selected from a group consisting of organic, gel, polymer, and solid electrolytes.
7. The battery of claim 4 , wherein the ion permeable membrane is a Na + -ion permeable membrane; and,
wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte is a Na + soluble non-aqueous electrolyte.
8. A battery with a hexacyanometallate cathode and non-metal anode, the battery comprising:
the cathode with hexacyanometallate particles overlying a current collector, the hexacyanometallate particles having a chemical formula Na m Mn x Fe y (CN) 6 , and having a Prussian Blue hexacyanometallate crystal structure,
where m is in a range of greater than 1 to 2;
where x is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where y is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
a non-aqueous electrolyte capable of conducting Na cations;
the non-metal anode comprising 60% by weight (wt. %) to 95 wt. % of a material selected from a group consisting of hard carbon, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, silicon, and silicon nanostructures with carbonaceous materials; and,
an ion-permeable membrane separating the non-metal anode from the cathode.
9. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte is selected from a group consisting of organic, gel, polymer, and solid electrolytes.
10. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the ion permeable membrane is a Na + -ion permeable membrane; and,
wherein the electrolyte is a Na + soluble non-aqueous electrolyte.
11. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the non-metal anode comprises 60% by weight (wt. %) to 95 wt. % of a material capable of accepting inserted Na + ions and supplying de-inserted Na + ions.
12. A battery with a hexacyanometallate cathode and a carbon anode, the battery comprising:
the cathode with hexacyanometallate particles overlying a current collector, the hexacyanometallate particles having a chemical formula Na m Mn x Fe y (CN) 6 .z(H 2 O), and having a Prussian Blue hexacyanometallate crystal structure,
where m is in a range of greater than 1 to 2;
where x is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where y is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where z is in a range of 0 to 10;
a non-aqueous electrolyte capable of conducting Na cations;
the carbon anode comprising 60% by weight (wt. %) to 95 wt. % of a carbon material capable of accepting inserted Na + ions and supplying de-inserted Na + ions; and,
an ion-permeable membrane separating the carbon anode from the cathode.
13. The battery of claim 12 , wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte is selected from a group consisting of organic, gel, polymer, and solid electrolytes.
14. The battery of claim 12 , wherein the ion permeable membrane is a Na + -ion permeable membrane; and,
wherein the electrolyte is a Na + soluble non-aqueous electrolyte.