Fuel cell shutdown and startup using a cathode recycle loop
A method and device for operating a fuel cell system. A recirculation loop coupled to a fuel cell cathode ensures that fluids passing through the cathode are recycled, thereby enabling reaction between residual oxygen in the recycled fluid and fuel that has been introduced into the recirculation loop until substantially all of the oxygen is reacted, leaving a substantially oxygen-free, predominantly nitrogen compound in the cathode and related flowpath. Thereafter, this compound can be redirected to purge the remaining residual hydrogen resident in the fuel cell's anode and related flowpath. While the present invention is usable during any period of system operation, it is especially valuable for operational conditions associated with starting up and shutting down a fuel cell system to inhibit the formation of high voltage potentials that could otherwise damage fuel cell catalysts or catalysts supports.
1. A device comprising:
at least one fuel cell comprising an anode, a cathode and a membrane disposed between said anode and cathode;
an anode flowpath configured to couple said anode to a fuel source, said anode flowpath having an anode inlet and an anode outlet;
a fuel supply valve disposed between said fuel source and said anode;
a cathode flowpath configured to couple said cathode to an oxygen source, said cathode flowpath having a cathode inlet and a cathode outlet; and
an inert gas generation mechanism comprising:
a recirculation loop disposed in said cathode flowpath between said cathode outlet and said cathode inlet;
at least one valve disposed in said recirculation loop to selectively allow recycling of fluid therethrough;
a fuel inerting valve selectively connecting said fuel source to said cathode flowpath to allow selective introduction of unreacted fuel from said fuel source to said recirculation loop such that said unreacted fuel reacts in said recirculation loop with oxygen to reduce the concentration thereof, said fuel inerting valve connected to said anode flowpath between said fuel source and said fuel supply valve; and
a purge valve selectively connecting said cathode outlet and said anode inlet such that upon attainment of a substantially inert gas in said recirculation loop by said reaction, said purge valve facilitates transfer of said substantially inert gas to said anode flowpath, said purge valve connected to said anode flowpath between said fuel supply valve and said anode inlet.
2. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a pressure source coupled to at least one of said fuel source and said oxygen source.
3. The device of claim 2 , further comprising:
a cathode exit valve configured to selectively control back-pressure in an exhaust line in said cathode flowpath; and
a cathode flowpath recycle valve disposed between said oxygen source and said pressure source.
4. The device of claim 2 , wherein said pressure source comprises an air compressor.
5. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a combustor configured to promote reaction between fuel and oxygen.
6. The device of claim 5 , further comprising a cooler fluidly coupled downstream of said combustor.
7. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a catalyst disposed on said cathode.
8. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a controller configured to regulate the amount of fuel being introduced into said cathode flowpath.
9. The device of claim 8 , further comprising an oxygen sensor such that said controller is configured to manipulate at least one of said valves in response to a signal sent from said oxygen sensor.
10. The device of claim 1 , wherein said device further comprises a power conversion mechanism configured to take electricity generated by said fuel cell system and convert it to motive power.
11. The device of claim 10 , wherein said device further comprises a vehicle configured to house said fuel cell system and said power conversion mechanism, said vehicle movably responsive to said motive power generated in said power conversion mechanism.
12. The device of claim 1 , wherein said fuel inerting valve is configured such that the introduction of fuel therethrough occurs during start-up of said fuel cell.
13. The device of claim 1 , wherein said fuel inerting valve is configured such that the introduction of fuel therethrough occurs during shut-down of said fuel cell.