Internal proton exchange membrane humidification and cooling with automotive coolant
A bipolar plate for a fuel cell including pores extending between cooling fluid flow channels and reactant gas flow channels defined by the plate. Pervaporation membranes cover the pores and selectively allow water in the cooling fluid flowing down the cooling fluid flow channels to pervaporate through the membrane and humidify the reactant gas flowing down the reactant gas flow channels. In one embodiment, the bipolar plate includes two stamped unipolar plates secured together.
1. A fuel cell comprising:
a membrane electrode assembly (MEA); and
a first bipolar plate positioned on one side of the MEA, said first bipolar plate including a first unipolar plate and a second unipolar plate bonded together, said first and second unipolar plates of the first bipolar plate defining cathode reactant gas flow channels facing the MEA, anode reactant gas flow channels facing away from the MEA and cooling fluid flow channels, said first and second unipolar plates of the first bipolar plate including a plurality of pores extending through the unipolar plates between the cooling fluid flow channels and the anode and cathode reactant gas flow channels, and wherein the first bipolar plate includes at least one pervaporation membrane positioned relative to the pores that selectively allows water in a cooling fluid flowing through the cooling fluid flow channels to pervaporate through the pores and enter the reactant gas flow channels as water vapor.
2. The fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein the at least one pervaporation membrane includes a plurality of pervaporation membranes where each membrane covers a plurality of pores.
3. The fuel cell according to claim 2 wherein the at least one pervaporation membrane includes two separate pervaporation membranes for each cooling fluid flow channel.
4. The fuel cell according to claim 3 wherein the pervaporation membranes are positioned within the cooling fluid flow channels.
5. The fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein the at least one pervaporation membrane is a plurality of membrane compound plugs positioned within the pores.
6. The fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein the at least one pervaporation membrane is deposited on the first bipolar plate by a process selected from the group consisted of dipping the first bipolar plate in a solution of a pervaporation material, spraying a pervaporation material on the first bipolar plate and brushing a pervaporation material on the first bipolar plate.
7. The fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein the cooling fluid is a water/glycol mixture, and wherein the at least one pervaporation membrane prevents the glycol in the cooling fluid from pervaporating therethrough.
8. The fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein the first and second unipolar plates are stamped metal plates.
9. The fuel cell according to claim 8 wherein the stamped metal plates are stainless steel plates.
10. The fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein the first and second unipolar plates are composite plates.
11. The fuel cell according to claim 1 further comprising a diffusion media layer positioned between the MEA and the first bipolar plate, wherein the holes that extend through the first bipolar plate facing the MEA are positioned proximate the diffusion media layer.
12. The fuel cell according to claim 1 further comprising a second bipolar plate positioned on the other side of the MEA, said second bipolar plate including a third unipolar plate and a fourth unipolar plate bonded together, said third and fourth unipolar plates of the second bipolar plate defining anode reactant gas flow channels facing the MEA, cathode reactant gas flow channels facing away from the MEA and cooling fluid flow channels, said third and fourth unipolar plates of the second bipolar plate including a plurality of pores extending through the unipolar plates between the cooling fluid flow channels and the anode and cathode reactant gas flow channels, and wherein the second bipolar plate includes at least one pervaporation membrane positioned relative to the pores that selectively allows water in the cooling fluid flowing through the cooling fluid flow channels to pervaporate through the pores and enter the reactant gas flow channels as water vapor.
13. The fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein the at least one pervaporation membrane is a composite membrane with a cross-linked poly-vinyl alcohol active layer on a polyethersulfone support membrane or an ionically surface cross-linked chitosan composite membrane.
14. The fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein the at least one pervaporation membrane is selected from a membrane material consisting of a cross-linked poly-vinyl alcohol, polyacrylamides, polyacrylonitriles, chitosans, polysulfones, alginate, glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilnanes and tetraethoxysilianes.
15. The fuel cell according to claim 1 wherein the cooling fluid includes an additive selected from the group consisting of ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, ammonia and salt solutions.
16. A fuel cell comprising:
a membrane electrode assembly (MEA);
a cathode side bipolar plate positioned on one side of the MEA, said cathode side bipolar plate including a first unipolar plate and a second unipolar plate bonded together, said first and second unipolar plates of the cathode side bipolar plate defining cathode reactant gas flow channels facing the MEA, anode reactant gas flow channels facing away from the MEA and cooling fluid flow channels, said first and second unipolar plates of the cathode side bipolar plate including a plurality of pores extending through the first and second unipolar plates between the cooling fluid flow channels and the anode and cathode reactant gas flow channels, said cathode side bipolar plate further including a plurality of pervaporation membranes positioned over the pores where one pervaporation membrane covers the pores facing the cathode reactant gas flow channels and another pervaporation membrane covers the pores facing the anode reactant gas flow channels in each cooling fluid flow channel; and
an anode side bipolar plate positioned on the other side of the MEA, said anode side bipolar plate including a third unipolar plate and a fourth unipolar plate bonded together, said third and fourth unipolar plates of the anode side bipolar plate defining anode reactant gas flow channels facing the MEA, cathode reactant gas flow channels facing away from the MEA and cooling fluid flow channels, said third and fourth unipolar plates of the anode side bipolar plate including a plurality of pores extending through the third and fourth unipolar plates between the cooling fluid flow channels and the anode and cathode reactant gas flow channels, said anode side bipolar plate further including a plurality of pervaporation membranes positioned over the pores were one pervaporation membrane covers the pores facing the anode reactant gas flow channels and another pervaporation membrane covers the holes facing the cathode reactant gas flow channels in each cooling fluid flow channel, wherein the pervaporation membranes selectively allow water in a cooling fluid flowing through the cooling fluid flow channels to pervaporate through the pores and enter the reactant gas flow channels as water vapor.
17. The fuel cell according to claim 16 wherein the cooling fluid is a water/glycol mixture, and wherein the pervaporation membranes prevent the glycol in the cooling fluid from pervaporating therethrough.
18. The fuel cell according to claim 16 wherein the first, second, third and fourth unipolar plates are stamped metal plates.
19. The fuel cell according to claim 18 wherein the stamped metal plates are stainless steel plates.
20. The fuel cell according to claim 16 wherein the first, second, third and fourth unipolar plates are composite plates.
21. The fuel cell according to claim 16 wherein the plurality of pervaporation membranes are a composite membrane with a cross-linked poly-vinyl alcohol active layer on a polyethersulfone support membrane or an ionically surface cross-linked chitosan composite membrane.
22. The fuel cell according to claim 16 further comprising a cathode side diffusion medial layer positioned between the MEA and the cathode side bipolar plate and an anode side diffusion media layer positioned between the MEA and the anode side bipolar plate, wherein the pores that extend through the anode and cathode side bipolar plates facing the MEA are positioned proximate to the cathode side and anode side diffusion media layers.
23. A bipolar plate for a fuel cell, said bipolar plate defining reactant gas flow channels and cooling fluid flow channels, said bipolar plate including a plurality of pores extending through a plate between the reactant gas flow channels and the cooling fluid flow channels, said bipolar plate further including at least one pervaporation membrane positioned relative to the pores and allowing water in a cooling fluid flowing through the cooling fluid flow channels to pervaporate through the membrane and into the reactant gas flow channels.
24. The bipolar plate according to claim 23 wherein the at least one pervaporation membrane includes a plurality of pervaporation membranes where each membrane covers a plurality of pores.
25. The bipolar plate according to claim 24 wherein the at least one pervaporation membrane includes two separate pervaporation membranes for each cooling fluid flow channel.
26. The bipolar plate according to claim 25 wherein the pervaporation membranes are positioned within the cooling fluid flow channels.
27. The bipolar plate according to claim 23 wherein the at least one pervaporation membrane is a plurality of membrane compound plugs positioned within the pores.
28. The fuel cell according to claim 23 wherein the at least one pervaporation membrane is deposited on the bipolar plate by a process selected from the group consisted of dipping the bipolar plate in a solution of a pervaporation material, spraying a pervaporation material on the bipolar plate and brushing a pervaporation material on the bipolar plate.
29. The bipolar plate according to claim 23 wherein the bipolar plate further includes a first unipolar plate and a second unipolar plate, where the first unipolar plate defines cathode reactant gas flow channels and the second unipolar plate defines anode reactant gas flow channels.
30. The bipolar plate according to claim 29 wherein the unipolar plates are stamped metal plates.
31. The bipolar plate according to claim 23 wherein the cooling fluid is a water/glycol mixture, and wherein the pervaporation membrane prevents the glycol in the cooling fluid from pervaporating therethrough.