Method and architecture for reducing NOX and particulate matter emissions in exhaust gas from hydrocarbon fuel source with a fuel lean combustion mixture
An exemplary method and associated architecture for reducing NO x and particulate matter emissions in an exhaust stream may include passing the exhaust stream through a catalytic oxidation reactor; passing the exhaust stream through a two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter located downstream of the catalytic oxidation reactor, wherein the two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter may include a wall flow filter substrate having internal walls coated with a first selective catalytic reduction catalyst; and passing the exhaust stream through a catalytic reduction reactor located downstream of the two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter, wherein the catalytic reduction reactor may include a second selective catalytic reduction catalyst.
1. A system for reducing NO x and particulate matter emissions in an exhaust stream comprising:
a catalytic oxidation reactor that oxidizes carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and NO wherein said catalytic oxidation reactor comprises a dual zone type catalytic oxidation reactor in which said exhaust stream first passes through a platinum- and palladium-containing front side, which oxidizes hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, and subsequently passes through a platinum-rich containing rear side, which oxidizes nitrous oxide (NO) to nitrous dioxide (NO 2 );
a hydrocarbon injector located upstream of said catalytic oxidation reactor that introduces a hydrocarbon stream into said exhaust stream to raise the temperature of said exhaust stream;
a two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter located downstream of said catalytic oxidation reactor, said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter comprising a wall flow filter substrate having internal walls coated with a first selective catalytic reduction catalyst that reduces NO x to N 2 ;
a catalytic reduction reactor having a second selective catalytic reduction catalyst that reduces NO x to N 2 located downstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter without an intervening catalytic reactor;
a cooling pipe located between said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter and said catalytic reduction reactor that allows the exhaust stream to cool before the exhaust stream enters the catalytic reduction reactor; and
an injector device that injects ammonia or urea into said exhaust stream between said catalytic oxidation reactor and said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter.
2. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
a second injector device that injects ammonia or urea into said exhaust stream between said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter and said catalytic reduction reactor.
3. The system of claim 2 further comprising:
a NO x sensor contained within said exhaust stream and coupled to said injector device and said second injector device, said NO x sensor located upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter.
4. The system of claim 2 further comprising:
a NO x sensor contained within said exhaust stream and coupled to said injector device and said second injector device, said NO x sensor located upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter;
a temperature sensor coupled to said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter and said injector device, said temperature sensor measuring a temperature of said first selective catalytic reduction catalyst contained in said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter; and
a second temperature sensor coupled to said catalytic reduction reactor and said injector device, said second temperature sensor measuring a temperature of said second selective catalytic reduction catalyst contained in said catalytic reduction reactor.
5. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
a NO x sensor contained within said exhaust stream and coupled to said injector device, said NO x sensor located upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter.
6. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
a temperature sensor coupled to said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter and said injector device, said temperature sensor measuring a temperature of said first selective catalytic reduction catalyst contained in said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter.
7. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
a temperature sensor coupled to said catalytic reduction reactor and said injector device, said temperature sensor measuring a temperature of said second selective catalytic reduction catalyst contained in said catalytic reduction reactor.
8. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
a temperature sensor coupled to said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter and said injector device, said temperature sensor measuring a temperature of said first selective catalytic reduction catalyst contained in said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter; and
a second temperature sensor coupled to said catalytic reduction reactor and said injector device, said second temperature sensor measuring a temperature of said second selective catalytic reduction catalyst contained in said catalytic reduction reactor.
9. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
a NO x sensor contained within said exhaust stream and coupled to said injector device, said NO x sensor located upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter;
a temperature sensor coupled to said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter and said injector device, said temperature sensor measuring a temperature of said first selective catalytic reduction catalyst contained in said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter; and
a second temperature sensor coupled to said catalytic reduction reactor and said injector device, said second temperature sensor measuring a temperature of said second selective catalytic reduction catalyst contained in said catalytic reduction reactor.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein said first selective catalytic reduction catalyst is substantially similar in composition to said second selective catalytic reduction catalyst.
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein said first selective catalytic reduction catalyst is substantially dissimilar in composition to said second selective catalytic reduction catalyst.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein said second selective catalytic reduction catalyst has improved low temperature NO x reduction activity as compared with said first selective catalytic reduction catalyst.
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein said catalytic oxidation reactor comprises a dual zone type catalytic oxidation reactor in which the exhaust stream first passes through a front side comprising platinum and palladium and a rear side comprising platinum.
14. The system of claim 1 , wherein said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter further comprises wall flow filter substrates comprising cordierite, α-alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconia, mullite, spodumene, alumina-silica-magnesia or zirconium silicate, ceramic fiber composite, or of porous, refractory metal.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein said wall flow filter substrate comprises cordierite or silicon carbide may have a porosity of between about 50 to 75%, while having a mean pore size of between about 5 to 30 microns.
16. The system of claim 1 , wherein said first selective reduction catalyst comprises Cu/ZSM-5 catalyst particles containing about 2.5 weight percent of copper.
17. A method for reducing NO x and particulate matter emissions in an exhaust stream comprising:
passing said exhaust stream through a catalytic oxidation reactor to oxidize carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and NO wherein said catalytic oxidation reactor comprises a dual zone type catalytic oxidation reactor in which said exhaust stream first passes through a platinum- and palladium-containing front side, which oxidizes hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, and subsequently passes through a platinum-rich containing rear side, which oxidizes nitrous oxide (NO) to nitrous dioxide (NO 2 );
introducing a hydrocarbon stream to said exhaust stream upstream of said catalytic oxidation reactor to raise the temperature of said exhaust stream in said catalytic oxidation reactor;
passing said exhaust stream through a two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter located downstream of said catalytic oxidation reactor, said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter comprising a wall flow filter substrate having internal walls coated with a first selective catalytic reduction catalyst;
passing said exhaust stream through a cooling pipe located downstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter to cool said exhaust stream;
passing said exhaust stream through a catalytic reduction reactor located downstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter and said cooling pipe without an intervening catalytic reactor, said catalytic reduction reactor having a second selective catalytic reduction catalyst; and
introducing a stream of ammonia or urea to said exhaust stream upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter and said catalytic reduction reactor.
18. The method of claim 17 further comprising:
introducing a second stream of ammonia or urea to said exhaust stream downstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter and upstream of catalytic reduction reactor.
19. The method of claim 17 further comprising:
coupling a NO x sensor within said exhaust stream upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter;
coupling said NO x sensor to a first ammonia injector device;
measuring a NO x composition of said exhaust stream using said NO x sensor; and
determining a quantity of ammonia or urea to introduce to said exhaust stream from said first ammonia injector device as a function of said measured composition from said NO x sensor, wherein said quantity of ammonia or urea is sufficient to react with a quantity of NO in the exhaust stream to form NO 2 and thereby achieve about an equimolar amount of NO and NO 2 in said exhaust stream upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter.
20. The method of claim 17 further comprising:
coupling a NO x sensor within said exhaust stream upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter;
coupling said NO x sensor to an ammonia injector device;
measuring said composition of the exhaust stream using said NO x sensor;
determining a quantity of ammonia or urea to introduce to said exhaust stream as a function of said measured composition of said exhaust stream, wherein said determined quantity of ammonia or urea is sufficient to react with a quantity of NO in said exhaust stream to form NO 2 and thereby achieve about an equimolar amount of NO and NO 2 in said exhaust stream upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter; and
introducing said determined quantity of ammonia or urea from said ammonia injector device to said exhaust stream upstream from said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter as a first stream.
21. The method of claim 17 further comprising:
coupling a NO x sensor within said exhaust stream upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter;
coupling said NO x sensor to a first ammonia injector device and a second ammonia injector device;
measuring the composition of said exhaust stream using said NO x sensor;
determining a quantity of ammonia or urea to introduce to said exhaust stream as a function of said measured composition of said exhaust stream, wherein said determined quantity of ammonia or urea is sufficient to react with a quantity of NO in said exhaust stream to form NO 2 and thereby achieve about an equimolar amount of NO and NO 2 in said exhaust stream upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter;
introducing a first quantity of said determined quantity of ammonia or urea from said first ammonia injector device to said exhaust stream upstream from said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter as a first stream; and
introducing a second quantity of said determined quantity of ammonia or urea from said second ammonia injector device to said exhaust stream downstream from said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter and upstream from said catalytic reduction reactor as a second stream.
22. The method of claim 17 further comprising:
coupling a NO x sensor within said exhaust stream upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter;
coupling said NO x sensor to an ammonia injector device;
coupling a temperature sensor to said second selective catalytic reduction catalyst;
coupling said temperature sensor to said ammonia injector device;
measuring the composition of said exhaust stream using said NO x sensor;
measuring a temperature of said second selective catalytic reduction catalyst;
determining a quantity of ammonia or urea to introduce to said exhaust stream as a function of said measured composition of said exhaust stream, wherein said determined quantity of ammonia or urea is sufficient to react with a quantity of NO in said exhaust stream to form NO 2 and thereby achieve about an equimolar amount of NO and NO 2 in said exhaust stream upstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter; and
introducing said determined quantity of ammonia or urea from said ammonia injector device to said exhaust stream upstream from said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter as a first stream to substantially achieve said equimolar amount of NO and NO 2 when said measured temperature is below a threshold temperature, wherein said threshold temperature is a temperature as sensed by said temperature sensor below which said second selective catalytic reduction catalyst substantially converts NO x gases in said exhaust stream to nitrogen and water at its maximum efficiency.
23. A system for reducing NO x and particulate matter emissions in an exhaust stream comprising:
a catalytic oxidation reactor that oxidizes carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and NO wherein said catalytic oxidation reactor comprises a dual zone type catalytic oxidation reactor in which said exhaust stream first passes through a platinum- and palladium-containing front side, which oxidizes hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, and subsequently passes through a platinum-rich containing rear side, which oxidizes nitrous oxide (NO) to nitrous dioxide (NO 2 );
a hydrocarbon injector located upstream of said catalytic oxidation reactor that introduces a hydrocarbon stream into said exhaust stream to raise the temperature of said exhaust stream;
a two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter located downstream of said catalytic oxidation reactor, said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter comprising a wall flow filter substrate having internal walls coated with a first selective catalytic reduction catalyst that reduces NO x to N 2 in the presence of ammonia;
a catalytic reduction reactor having a second selective catalytic reduction catalyst that reduces NO x to N 2 in the presence of ammonia located downstream of said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter; and
one or more injector devices for injecting ammonia or urea to said exhaust stream located between said catalytic oxidation reactor and said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter and to said exhaust stream located between said two-way selective reduction catalyst particulate filter and said second selective catalytic reduction catalyst.