Precise clock synchronization over optical fiber

1. A method of synchronizing a clock in an optical network including a first network element that is connected to a second network element, comprising:

transmitting optical timing signals at a first wavelength and at a second wavelength from the first network element to the second network element;

transmitting optical timing signals at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength from the second network element to the first network element;

determining a ratio between velocities of light at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength based on timing information contained in the optical timing signals; and

aligning the clock based on at least the ratio between the velocities of light and the timing information,

wherein the optical timing signals transmitted from the first network element to the second network element are transmitted over one or more optical links which are distinct from one or more optical links over which the optical timing signals from the second network element to the first network element are transmitted.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein optical timing signals are transmitted at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength over a first optical link from the first network element to the second network element, and optical timing signals are transmitted at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength over a second optical link from the second network element to the first network element.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optical timing signals comprise time-stamped packet flows.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

receiving a first synchronous signal at a first wavelength over the optical fiber;

recovering a first carrier signal based on the first synchronous signal;

receiving a second synchronous signal at a second wavelength that is different from the first wavelength over the optical fiber;

recovering a second carrier signal based on the second synchronous signal; and

monitoring a relative phase between the first and second carrier signals to detect changes in the environment.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first and second synchronous signals are each a Synchronous Ethernet signal.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein optical timing signals are transmitted at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength over respective first and second optical links from the first network element to the second network element, and optical timing signals are transmitted at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength over respective third and fourth optical links from the second network element to the first network element.

7. A method of synchronizing a clock in an optical network including a first network element that is connected to a second network element over first and second optical links that are physically distinct from each other, comprising:

transmitting optical timing signals at a given wavelength over the first optical link from the first network element to the second network element at a first time;

transmitting optical timing signals at the given wavelength over the second optical link from the second network element to the first network element at the first time;

transmitting optical timing signals at the given wavelength over the first optical link from first network element to second network element at a second time;

transmitting optical timing signals at the given wavelength over the second optical link from the second network element to the first network element at the second time;

determining a ratio between velocities of light at the first and at the second times based on timing information contained in the optical timing signals; and

aligning the clock based on at least the ratio between the velocities of light and the timing information.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein a transmission velocity of the optical timing signals at the given wavelength differs between the first and second times but the phase offset between the first and second network elements is substantially the same between the first and second times.

9. A method of determining transit delays in an optical network including a first network element that is connected to a second network element, comprising:

transmitting optical timing signals at a first wavelength and at a second wavelength from the first network element to the second network element;

transmitting optical timing signals at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength from the second network element to the first network element;

determining a ratio between velocities of light at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength based on timing information contained in the optical timing signals; and

determining transit delays between the first and second network elements based on at least the ratio between the velocities of light and the timing information,

wherein the optical timing signals transmitted from the first network element to the second network element are transmitted over one or more optical links which are distinct from one or more optical links over which the optical timing signals from the second network element to the first network element are transmitted.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the transit delays include a first transit delay from the first network element to the second network element and a second transit delay from the second network element to the first network element.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein optical timing signals are transmitted at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength over a first optical link from the first network element to the second network element, and optical timing signals are transmitted at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength over a second optical link from the second network element to the first network element.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the optical timing signals comprise time-stamped packet flows.

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein optical timing signals are transmitted at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength over respective first and second optical links from the first network element to the second network element, and optical timing signals are transmitted at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength over respective third and fourth optical links from the second network element to the first network element.

14. A method of determining transit delays in an optical network including a first network element that is connected to a second network element over first and second optical links that are physically distinct from each other, comprising:

transmitting optical timing signals at a given wavelength over the first optical link from the first network element to the second network element at a first time;

transmitting optical timing signals at the given wavelength over the second optical link from the second network element to the first network element at the first time;

transmitting optical timing signals at the given wavelength over the first optical link from first network element to second network element at a second time;

transmitting optical timing signals at the given wavelength over the second optical link from the second network element to the first network element at the second time;

determining a ratio between velocities of light at the first and at the second times based on timing information contained in the optical timing signals; and

determining transit delays between the first and second network elements based on at least the ratio between the velocities of light and the timing information.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein a transmission velocity of the optical timing signals at the given wavelength differs between the first and second times but the phase offset between the first and second network elements is substantially the same between the first and second times.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the transit delays include a first transit delay from the first network element to the second network element and a second transit delay from the second network element to the first network element.