High rate filtration system
A high rate, upflow filtration system is described in which a compressible, fibrous lump filtration media is compressed to adjust the porosity and collector size of the media in the bed and to provide a porosity gradient within the bed proceeding from more porous to less porous in a direction opposite to the flow of fluid so that filtration proceeds in a direction from a more porous to a less porous filter bed. Larger particles are removed by the more porous media and successively smaller particles are removed as the filter bed becomes less porous. The system is capable of reducing the turbidity of influent municipal wastewater from about 8 NTU to about 2 NTU at a wastewater flow rate of from about 820 to 1230 L/m 2 ·min (20 to 30 gal/ft 2 ·min), at a bed compression ration of from about 15 to 40 percent, and at a backwash rate of from about 1 to 6 percent based on the total wastewater passing through the filter.
1. High rate depth filtration apparatus for removing suspended solids from liquids, said apparatus comprising:
a) a filter housing having an axial flow direction therethrough for liquid;
b) a first perforated panel fixedly secured in said housing transverse to said flow direction;
c) a second perforated panel movably secured in said housing transverse to said flow direction and spaced from said first perforated panel;
d) an influent liquid conduit located adjacent said fixed first panel, said influent conduit connected to a source of liquid having suspended solids therein;
e) an effluent liquid conduit located adjacent said movable second panel thereby establishing said axial flow direction through said housing from said influent conduit to said effluent conduit;
f) substantially spherical and compressible filtration media of individual, fibrous lumps of bundled, crimped fibers located between said first and second panels; and
g) a piston for moving said second perforated panel toward and away from said fixed first panel to define:
i) a fixed filter bed of said media compressed between said panels during filtration, said filter bed having a porosity gradient across the bed proceeding progressively from more porous to less porous in said axial flow direction; and
ii) a cleaning chamber between said panels during washing wherein said second panel is moved away from said first panel to provide said media in an uncompressed condition for washing in said axial flow direction.
2. The high rate filtration apparatus of claim 1 wherein said effluent liquid conduit comprises a filtered liquid effluent conduit and a separate wash water effluent conduit.
3. The high rate filtration apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a distribution plenum located between said liquid influent conduit and said fixed first perforated panel, whereby liquid is evenly distributed through said first panel and into said filter bed.
4. The high rate filtration apparatus of claim 1 wherein said axial flow direction is upflow, said fixed first panel is located below said movable second panel, said influent liquid conduit is located below said fixed first panel, and said effluent liquid conduit is located above said movable second panel.
5. The high rate filtration apparatus of claim 4 further comprising a gas injection conduit located adjacent said first panel for supplying air to mechanically shear trapped solids from said media in said cleaning chamber.
6. The high rate filtration apparatus of claim 5 wherein said gas injection conduit comprises two air conduits whereby air injection is alternated between said two conduits to increase the mechanical effect of shearing trapped solids from said media.
7. The high rate filtration apparatus of claim 1 wherein collector size, effective pore size, and depth of said filter bed are adjustable by movement of said second panel as filtration proceeds, whereby head loss can be adjusted and filtration efficiency maintained during filtration by mechanically expanding said fixed bed.
8. The high rate filtration apparatus of claim 1 wherein said influent conduit is connected to said cleaning chamber and supplies liquid having suspended solids therein to said cleaning chamber for washing.
9. Up-flow high rate filtration apparatus for removing suspended solids from waste water, said apparatus comprising:
a) a vertically oriented filter housing having a waste water influent conduit located in a lower portion thereof and separate filtered water and wash water effluent conduits located in an upper portion thereof, said conduits establishing an upward axial flow direction through said housing;
b) a first perforated panel fixedly secured in said housing above said influent waste water conduit and transverse to said axial flow direction;
c) a second perforated panel movably secured in said housing transverse to said axial flow direction, above said first panel and spaced therefrom, and below said filtered water and wash water effluent conduits;
d) a distribution plenum located between said influent waste water conduit and said fixed first perforated panel, whereby waste water is evenly distributed through said first panel in said axial flow direction;
e) substantially spherical and compressible filtration media of individual, fibrous lumps of bundled, crimped fibers located between said first and second panels;
g) a piston for moving said second perforated panel toward and away from said fixed first panel to define:
i) a fixed filter bed of media compressed between said panels, said fixed filter bed having a porosity gradient across the bed proceeding progressively from more porous to less porous in said axial flow direction, wherein collector size, effective pore size, and depth of said filter bed are adjustable by movement of said second panel as filtration proceeds and whereby head loss can be adjusted and filtration efficiency maintained during filtration by mechanically expanding said fixed bed; and
ii) a cleaning chamber between said panels during washing wherein said second panel is moved away from said first panel to provide said media in an uncompressed condition for washing; and
h) a pair of air conduits located below said fixed first panel on opposite sides of said housing whereby air injection is alternated between said conduits into said cleaning chamber to increase the mechanical effect of shearing trapped solids from said media.
10. The up-flow high rate filtration apparatus of claim 9 wherein said waste water influent conduit is connected to said cleaning chamber and supplies waste water thereto for washing.