Non-volatile CMOS reference circuit
View Patent ↗A voltage reference circuit provides a reference voltage that can be precisely programmed. The threshold voltage of a first non-volatile memory (NVM) transistor is programmed while coupled in parallel with a reference NVM transistor, wherein a first voltage is applied to the control gate of the first NVM transistor, and a reference voltage is applied to the control gate of the reference NVM transistor. The threshold voltage of a second NVM transistor is programmed while coupled in parallel with the reference NVM transistor, wherein a second voltage is applied to the control gate of the second NVM transistor, and the reference voltage is applied to the control gate of the reference NVM transistor. The first and second NVM transistors are then coupled in parallel, and a differential amplifier is used to generate a single-ended reference voltage in response to the programmed threshold voltages of the first and second NVM transistors.
1. A method of providing a reference voltage in an integrated circuit, comprising:
programming a threshold voltage of a first non-volatile memory (NVM) transistor while coupled in parallel with a reference NVM transistor;
programming a threshold voltage of second NVM transistor while coupled in parallel with the reference NVM transistor; and
generating a single-ended reference voltage in response to the programmed threshold voltages of the first and second NVM transistors.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of programming the threshold voltage of the first NVM transistor comprises:
applying a first reference voltage to a control gate of the first NVM transistor; and
applying a base reference voltage to a control gate of the reference NVM transistor.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of programming the threshold voltage of the first NVM transistor further comprises:
applying a first programming voltage to a programming terminal of the first NVM transistor; and
removing the first programming voltage from the programming terminal of the first NVM transistor when a current through the first NVM transistor at least equals a current through the reference NVM transistor.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of programming the threshold voltage of the second NVM transistor comprises:
applying a second reference voltage to a control gate of the second NVM transistor; and
applying the base reference voltage to the control gate of the reference NVM transistor.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the step of programming the threshold voltage of the first NVM transistor further comprises:
applying a programming voltage to a programming terminal of the first NVM transistor; and
removing the programming voltage from the programming terminal of the first NVM transistor when a current through the first NVM transistor at least equals a current through the reference NVM transistor;
and wherein the step of programming the threshold voltage of the second NVM transistor further comprises:
applying a programming voltage to a programming terminal of the second NVM transistor; and
removing the programming voltage from the programming terminal of the second NVM transistor when a current through the second NVM transistor at least equals a current through the reference NVM transistor.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of generating the single-ended reference voltage comprises:
coupling the first and second NVM transistors in parallel in a current mirror configuration;
applying the first reference voltage to the control gate of the first NVM transistor;
coupling the first and second NVM transistors to inputs of a differential amplifier; and
coupling an output of the differential amplifier to the control gate of the second NVM transistor.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the single-ended reference voltage is provided at the output of the differential amplifier.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the single-ended reference voltage is equal to the difference between the programmed threshold voltages of the first and second NVM transistors.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising erasing the first and second NVM transistors prior to programming the threshold voltages of the first and second NVM transistors.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the step of erasing comprises:
applying a first erase voltage to the control gates of the first and second NVM transistors; and
applying a second erase voltage to programming terminals of the first and second NVM transistors.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the threshold voltages of the first and second NVM transistors are programmed by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising initializing the threshold voltage of the reference NVM transistor to a neutral state prior to programming the threshold voltages of the first and second NVM transistors.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the step of initializing the threshold voltage of the reference NVM transistor comprises exposing the reference NVM transistor to ultra-violet (UV) radiation.
14. The method of claim 2 , further comprising selecting the first reference voltage to be ground.
15. The method of claim 2 , further comprising selecting the first reference voltage to be equal to the base reference voltage.
16. The method of claim 4 , wherein the single-ended reference voltage is equal to the difference between the first reference voltage and the second reference voltage.
17. A voltage reference circuit comprising:
a first non-volatile memory (NVM) transistor having a first control gate and a first programming terminal;
a first switch for selectively coupling the first NVM transistor between a first voltage supply terminal and a second voltage supply terminal;
a second NVM transistor having a second control gate and a second programming terminal;
a second switch for selectively coupling the second NVM transistor between the first voltage supply terminal and the second voltage supply terminal;
a reference NVM transistor having a third control gate;
a third switch for selectively coupling the reference NVM transistor between the first voltage supply terminal and the second voltage supply terminal;
a differential amplifier having inputs coupled to the first and second NVM transistors;
a fourth switch coupling an output of the differential amplifier to the second control gate of the second NVM transistor and the third control gate of the reference NVM transistor.
18. A voltage reference circuit comprising:
means for programming a threshold voltage of a first non-volatile memory (NVM) transistor while coupled in parallel with a reference NVM transistor;
means for programming a threshold voltage of second NVM transistor while coupled in parallel with the reference NVM transistor; and
means for generating a single-ended reference voltage in response to the programmed threshold voltages of the first and second NVM transistors.
19. The voltage reference circuit of claim 18 , wherein the means for programming the threshold voltage of the first NVM transistor comprises:
means for applying a first reference voltage to a control gate of the first NVM transistor; and
means for applying a base reference voltage to a control gate of the reference NVM transistor.
20. The voltage reference circuit of claim 19 , wherein the means for programming the threshold voltage of the first NVM transistor further comprises:
means for applying a first programming voltage to a programming terminal of the first NVM transistor; and
means for removing the first programming voltage from the programming terminal of the first NVM transistor when a current through the first NVM transistor at least equals a current through the reference NVM transistor.