Solar photovoltaic output for cloudy conditions with a solar tracking system
An array of solar powered photovoltaic modules is optimally oriented and operated to provide more electrical energy for uses such as powering an electrolyzer system for hydrogen production. The array is positioned with its light receiving surface at an optimal angle, preferably a continually changing angle determined by two-axis solar tracking, when continually measured solar irradiance indicates suitable sunlight, and at a horizontal position when measured solar irradiance indicates excessive atmospheric cloudiness.
1. A method of positioning a light-receiving surface of a module or modules of solar-powered photovoltaic cells during daylight hours, the module being located on the terrestrial surface and operated at a known latitude, the method comprising:
using at least one radiation-detecting sensor in the vicinity of the module to continually measure solar irradiance representative of solar radiation available for the light-receiving surface of the module;
continually comparing the measured solar irradiance value with a comparative value for conditions of atmospheric cloud cover;
positioning the light-receiving surface of the module toward the sun in accordance with two-axis sun tracking when the measured solar irradiance exceeds the comparative value for atmospheric cloud cover;
positioning the light receiving surface of the module horizontally, facing upwardly, when the measured solar irradiance does not exceed the comparative value; and
continually re-positioning the light-receiving surface of the module between its toward-the-sun and horizontal positions in accordance with the comparison of the measured solar irradiance value with the comparative value to continually optimize the solar energy captured by the photovoltaic cells.
2. A method of positioning a light-receiving surface of a module of solar-powered photovoltaic cells as recited in claim 1 in which the module is connected to an electrical load as the source of electrical energy for the electrical load, and electrical energy is drawn from the module to the load whether the module is in its sun tracking position or its horizontal position.
3. A method of positioning a light-receiving surface of a module of solar-powered photovoltaic cells as recited in claim 1 , further comprising:
continually measuring solar irradiance at a toward-the-sun angle for the light-receiving surface of the module with a first sensor and at a horizontal position of the light-receiving surface with a second sensor;
positioning the light-receiving surface of the module toward the sun in accordance with two-axis sun tracking when the measured solar irradiance at the first sensor exceeds the measured solar irradiance at the second sensor by a predetermined value; and
positioning the light receiving surface of the module horizontally, facing upwardly, when the measured solar irradiance at the second sensor exceeds the measured solar irradiance at the first sensor by a predetermined value.
4. A method of positioning a light-receiving surface of a module of solar-powered photovoltaic cells as recited in claim 1 , further comprising:
continually measuring diffuse solar irradiance for the light-receiving surface of the module with a first horizontal sensor that is shaded from direct radiation from the sun;
continually measuring direct plus diffuse solar irradiance with a second horizontal sensor;
positioning the light-receiving surface of the module toward the sun in accordance with two-axis sun tracking when the measured solar irradiance at the second horizontal sensor exceeds the measured solar irradiance at the first horizontal sensor by a first predetermined value; and
positioning the light receiving surface of the module horizontally, facing upwardly, when the difference between measured solar irradiance values of the second horizontal sensor and the first horizontal sensor is less than a second predetermined value.
5. A method of positioning a light-receiving surface of a module of solar-powered photovoltaic cells used in delivering electrical energy to a hydrogen producing electrolyzer, the module being located on the terrestrial surface for operation at a known latitude, the method comprising:
using at least one radiation-detecting sensor in the vicinity of the module to continually measure solar irradiance available for the light-receiving surface of the module;
continually comparing the measured solar irradiance value with a comparative value for atmospheric cloud cover;
positioning the light-receiving surface of the module toward the sun in accordance with two-axis sun tracking when the measured solar irradiance exceeds the comparative value for conditions of atmospheric cloud cover;
positioning the light receiving surface of the module horizontally, facing upwardly, when the measured solar irradiance does not exceed the comparative value;
drawing electrical energy from the module to the hydrogen producing electrolyzer whether the module is in its sun tracking position or its horizontal position; and
continually re-positioning the light-receiving surface of the module between its toward-the-sun and horizontal positions in accordance with the comparison of the measured solar irradiance value with the comparative value to continually optimize the electrical energy delivered by the module of photovoltaic cells.
6. A method of positioning a light-receiving surface of a module of solar-powered photovoltaic cells as recited in claim 5 , further comprising:
continually measuring solar irradiance at a toward-the-sun angle for the light-receiving surface of the module with a first sensor and at a horizontal position of the light-receiving surface with a second sensor;
positioning the light-receiving surface of the module toward the sun in accordance with two-axis sun tracking when the measured solar irradiance at the first sensor exceeds the measured solar irradiance at the second sensor by a predetermined value; and
positioning the light receiving surface of the module horizontally, facing upwardly, when the measured solar irradiance at the second sensor exceeds the measured solar irradiance at the first sensor by a predetermined value.
7. A method of positioning a light-receiving surface of a module of solar-powered photovoltaic cells as recited in claim 5 , further comprising:
continually measuring diffuse solar irradiance for the light-receiving surface of the module with a first horizontal sensor that is shaded from direct radiation from the sun;
continually measuring direct plus diffuse solar irradiance with a second horizontal sensor;
positioning the light-receiving surface of the module toward the sun in accordance with two-axis sun tracking when the measured solar irradiance at the second horizontal sensor exceeds the measured solar irradiance at the first horizontal sensor by a first predetermined value; and
positioning the light receiving surface of the module horizontally, facing upwardly, when the difference between measured solar irradiance values of the second horizontal sensor and the first horizontal sensor is less than a second predetermined value.