Conductive particles comprising complex metal layer with density gradient, method for preparing the particles, and anisotropic conductive adhesive composition comprising the particles
Disclosed herein are anisotropic conductive particles having superior electrical reliability which are useful as materials for electrical connection structures. Further disclosed is a method for preparing conductive particles comprising polymer resin base particles and a conductive complex metal plating layer formed on the surface of the base particles wherein the conductive complex metal plating layer has a substantially continuous density gradient and can include nickel (Ni) and gold (Au).
1. A conductive particle comprising:
a polymer resin base particle; and
a conductive complex metal plating single layer comprising at least two metals formed by simultaneous electroless plating of said at least two metals on the surface of the base particle, wherein the conductive complex metal plating single layer comprises:
a first density gradient including one of the at least two metals and extending from the surface of the base particle toward an outer portion of the conductive complex metal plating single layer, wherein the concentration of said one of the at least two metals continuously increases in a direction extending vertically away from the surface of the base particle; and
a second density gradient including the other of the at least two metals and also extending from the surface of the base particle toward an outer portion of the conductive complex metal plating single layer, wherein the concentration of the other of the at least two metals initially increases and then decreases in a direction extending vertically away from the surface of the base particle,
wherein the concentration of both of the metals increases along at least a portion of the complex metal plating single layer.
2. The conductive particle according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive complex metal plating layer comprises two or three metals selected from Ni, Ni—P, Ni—B, Au, Ag, Ti, and Cu.
3. The conductive particle according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive complex metal plating layer has a thickness of from about 0.01 μm to about 1 μm.
4. The conductive particle according to claim 1 , wherein the base particle has an average particle diameter of about 1 μm to about 1,000 μm and a particle diameter distribution within about 90 to about 110% of the average particle diameter.
5. The conductive particle according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive complex metal plating layer has a thickness variation within the range of about 0.01 to about 50% of the average thickness of the base particle.
6. The conductive particle according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer particle is a radical-polymerizable polymer prepared by homo- or copolymerization of at least one crosslinkable monomer selected from the group consisting of allyl compounds; (poly)alkylene glycol di(meth)acrylates; pentaerythritol compounds; trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate; glycerol tri(meth)acrylate; mixtures thereof with one another; and mixtures thereof with an acrylic- or styrene-based monomer.
7. The conductive particle according to claim 6 , wherein said allyl compound comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of divinylbenzene, 1,4-divinyloxybutane, divinylsulfone, diallyl phthalate, diallylacrylamide, triallyl(iso)cyanurate, and triallyl trimellitate; said (poly)alkylene glycol di(meth)acrylate comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of (poly)ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate and (poly)propylene glycol di(meth)acrylate; and said pentaerythritol compound comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol di(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, and dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate.
8. The conductive particle according to claim 6 , wherein the polymer resin base particle consists of an allyl compound; (poly)alkylene glycol di(meth)acrylate; pentaerythritol compound; trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate; glycerol tri(meth)acrylate; or a mixture thereof with one another.
9. The conductive particle according to claim 8 , wherein the polymer resin base particle consists of an allyl compound or a mixture of allyl compounds.
10. The conductive particle according to claim 9 , wherein the polymer resin base particle consists of divinylbenzene.
11. The conductive particle according to claim 1 , wherein the complex metal plating layer comprises Ni and Au density gradients.
12. The conductive particle according to claim 11 , wherein the complex metal plating layer comprises Au along an outermost surface thereof.
13. The conductive particle according to claim 11 , in which the concentration of Au in the Au density gradient increases in a direction extending vertically away from a surface of the base particle and in which the concentration of Ni in the Ni density gradient decreases in a direction extending vertically away from a surface of the base particle.
14. The conductive particle according to claim 1 , wherein the simultaneous electroless plating of the at least two metals comprises dispersing the polymer resin base particle in a first electroless plating solution including a first metal and continuously feeding a second electroless plating solution including a second metal to the dispersion of the base particle and the first electroless plating solution during formation of a plating layer to form the conductive complex metal plating single layer on the base particle.
15. An anisotropic conductive adhesive composition comprising conductive particles comprising a polymer resin base particle and a conductive complex metal plating single layer comprising at least two metals formed by simultaneous electroless plating of said at least two metals on the surface of the base particle, wherein the conductive complex metal plating single layer comprises:
a first density gradient including one of the at least two metals and extending from the surface of the base particle toward an outer portion of the conductive complex metal plating single layer, wherein the concentration of said one of the at least two metals continuously increases in a direction extending vertically away from the surface of the base particle; and
a second density gradient including the other of the at least two metals and also extending from the surface of the base particle toward an outer portion of the conductive complex metal plating single layer, wherein the concentration of the other of the at least two metals initially increases and then decreases in a direction extending vertically away from the surface of the base particle,
wherein the concentration of both of the metals increases along at least a portion of the complex metal plating single layer.
16. The anisotropic conductive adhesive composition according to claim 15 , wherein the conductive complex metal plating layer comprises two or three metals selected from Ni, Ni—P, Ni—B, Au, Ag, Ti, and Cu.
17. The anisotropic conductive adhesive composition according to claim 16 , wherein the complex metal plating layer comprises Ni and Au density gradients.
18. The anisotropic conductive adhesive composition according to claim 17 , wherein the complex metal plating layer comprises Au along an outermost surface thereof.
19. An anisotropic conductive film comprising conductive particles comprising a polymer resin base particle and a conductive complex metal plating single layer comprising at least two metals formed by simultaneous electroless plating of said at least two metals on the surface of the base particle, wherein the conductive complex metal plating single layer comprises:
a first density gradient including one of the at least two metals and extending from the surface of the base particle toward an outer portion of the conductive complex metal plating single layer, wherein the concentration of said one of the at least two metals continuously increases in a direction extending vertically away from the surface of the base particle; and
a second density gradient including the other of the at least two metals and also extending from the surface of the base particle toward an outer portion of the conductive complex metal plating single layer, wherein the concentration of the other of the at least two metals initially increases and then decreases in a direction extending vertically away from the surface of the base particle,
wherein the concentration of both of the metals increases along at least a portion of the complex metal plating single layer, and
wherein the conductive particles are contained in an amount of about 1,000 to about 100,000 count/mm 2 in the conductive film.
20. The anisotropic conductive film according to claim 19 , wherein the conductive complex metal plating layer comprises two or three metals selected from Ni, Ni—P, Ni—B, Au, Ag, Ti, and Cu.
21. The anisotropic conductive film according to claim 20 , wherein the complex metal plating layer comprises Ni and Au density gradients.
22. The anisotropic conductive film according to claim 21 , wherein the complex metal plating layer comprises Au along an outermost surface thereof.
23. A method for preparing conductive particles according to claim 1 , comprising polymer resin base particles and a conductive complex metal plating layer comprising at least two metals formed on the surface of the base particles by electroless plating, the method comprising:
dispersing the polymer particles in a first electroless metal plating solution comprising a first metal; and
continuously feeding a second electroless metal plating solution comprising a second metal that is different from the first metal to the first electroless metal plating solution to form a complex metal layer comprising both of the first and second metals on the polymer particles.
24. The method according to claim 23 , wherein the continuously feeding step comprises continuously feeding the second electroless metal plating solution to the first electroless metal plating solution to form a complex metal layer comprising substantially continuous density gradients of the first and second metals.
25. A method for preparing conductive particles according to claim 1 , comprising polymer resin base particles and a conductive complex metal plating layer comprising at least two metals formed on the surface of the base particles by electroless plating, the method comprising:
dispersing the polymer particles in an electroless nickel plating solution, and
continuously feeding an electroless gold plating solution to the electroless nickel plating solution during formation of a Ni plating layer to form a complex metal layer on the polymer particles by electroless continuous plating.