A method of forming a dielectric material, comprising doping a zirconium oxide material, using a dopant precursor selected from the group consisting of Ti(NMe 2 ) 4 ; Ti(NMeEt) 4 ; Ti(NEt 2 ) 4 ;TiCl4; tBuN═Nb(NEt 2 ) 3 ; tBuN═Nb(NMe 2 ) 3 ; t-BuN═Nb(NEtMe) 3 ; t-AmN═Nb(NEt 2 ) 3 ; t-AmN═Nb(NEtMe) 3 ; t-AmN═Nb(NMe 2 ) 3 ; t-AmN═Nb(OBu-t) 3 ; Nb-13; Nb(NEt 2 ) 4 ; Nb(NEt 2 ) 5 ; Nb(N(CH 3 ) 2 ) 5 ; Nb(OC2H 5 ) 5 ; Nb(thd)(OPr-i) 4 ; SiH(OMe) 3 ; SiCU; Si(NMe 2 ) 4 ; (Me 3 Si) 2 NH; GeR a x(OR b ) 4.x wherein x is from 0 to 4, each R a is independently selected from H or C 1 -C 8 alkyl and each R b is independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkyl; GeCl 4 ; Ge(NR a 2 ) 4 wherein each R a is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 8 alkyl; and (R b 3 Ge) 2 NH wherein each R b is independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkyl; bis(N,N′-diisopropyl-1,3-propanediamide) titanium; and tetrakis(isopropylmethylamido) titanium; wherein Me is methyl, Et is ethyl, Pr-i is isopropyl, t-Bu is tertiary butyl, t-Am is tertiary amyl, and thd is 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate. Doped zirconium oxide materials of the present disclosure are usefully employed in ferroelectric capacitors and dynamic random access memory (DRAM) devices.
1. A method of forming a dielectric material, comprising doping, with only a single dopant selected from the group consisting of niobium, titanium, silicon, and germanium, a zirconium oxide material comprising a tetragonal zirconium oxide phase, using as a dopant precursor a precursor selected from the group consisting of Ti(NMe 2 ) 4 ; Ti(NMeEt) 4 ; Ti(NEt 2 ) 4 ; TiCl 4 ; tBuN═Nb(NEt 2 ) 3 ; tBuN═Nb(NMe 2 ) 3 ; t-BuN═Nb(NEtMe) 3 ; t-AmN═Nb(NEt 2 ) 3 ; t-AmN═Nb(NEtMe) 3 ; t-AmN═Nb(NMe 2 ) 3 ; t-AmN═Nb(OBu-t) 3 ; Nb-13; Nb(NEt 2 ) 4 ; Nb(NEt 2 ) 5 ; Nb(N(CH 3 ) 2 ) 5 ; Nb(OC 2 H 5 ) 5 ; Nb(thd)(OPr-i) 4 ; SiH(OMe) 3 ; SiCl 4 ; Si(NMe 2 ) 4 ; (Me 3 Si) 2 NH; GeR a x (OR b ) 4-x wherein x is from 0 to 4, each R a is independently selected from H or C 1 -C 8 alkyl and each R b is independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkyl; GeCl 4 ; Ge(NR a 2 ) 4 wherein each R a is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 8 alkyl; and (R b 3 Ge) 2 NH wherein each R b is independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkyl; bis(N,N′-diisopropyl-1,3-propanediamide) titanium; and tetrakis(isopropylmethylamido) titanium; wherein Me is methyl, Et is ethyl, Pr-i is isopropyl, t-Bu is tertiary butyl, t-Am is tertiary amyl, and thd is 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate; wherein the amount of said dopant is effective to stabilize the tetragonal zirconium oxide phase so that the dielectric constant of said dielectric material is greater than 40, and wherein when the dopant precursor comprises Nb, the amount of said dopant does not exceed 3 at %.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dopant precursor comprises a niobium precursor selected from the group consisting of tBuN═Nb(NEt 2 ) 3 , tBuN═Nb(NMe 2 ) 3 , t-BuN═Nb(NEtMe) 3 , t-AmN═Nb(NEt 2 ) 3 , t-AmN═Nb(NEtMe) 3 , t-AmN═Nb(NMe 2 ) 3 , t-AmN═Nb(OBu-t) 3 , Nb-13, Nb(NEt 2 ) 4 , Nb(NEt 2 ) 5 , Nb(N(CH 3 ) 2 ) 5 , Nb(OC 2 H 5 ) 5 , and Nb(thd)(OPr-i) 4 .
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dopant precursor comprises a niobium precursor selected from the group consisting of:
t-BuN═Nb(NEt 2 ) 3
t-BuN═Nb(NEtMe) 3
t-AmN═Nb(NEt 2 ) 3
t-AmN═Nb(NEtMe) 3
t-AmN═Nb(NMe 2 ) 3
t-AmN═Nb(OBu-t) 3 .
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric material is formed on a semiconductor device substrate by vapor deposition of zirconium from a zirconium precursor and vapor deposition of the dopant from the dopant precursor, wherein the zirconium precursor and the dopant precursor comprise identical substituent moieties.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric material is a part of a capacitor device.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric material as part of a dynamic random access memory device.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the doping is carried out in a vapor deposition process.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the vapor deposition process comprises chemical vapor deposition.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the vapor deposition process comprises atomic layer deposition.
10. A method of forming a dielectric material, comprising doping, with only a single dopant selected from the group consisting of niobium, titanium, silicon, and germanium, a zirconium oxide material comprising a tetragonal zirconium oxide phase, using as a dopant precursor a precursor selected from the group consisting of tBuN═Nb(NMe 2 ) 3 ; t-BuN═Nb(NEtMe) 3 ; t-AmN═Nb(NEt 2 ) 3 ; t-AmN═Nb(NEtMe) 3 ; t-AmN═Nb(NMe 2 ) 3 ; t-AmN═Nb(OBu-t) 3 ; Nb-13; Nb(NEt 2 ) 4 ; Nb(NEt 2 ) 5 ; Nb(OC 2 H 5 ) 5 ; Nb(thd)(OPr-i) 4 ; SiH(OMe) 3 ; SiCl 4 ; Si(NMe 2 ) 4 ; (Me 3 Si) 2 NH; GeR a x (OR b ) 4-x wherein x is from 0 to 4, each R a is independently selected from H or C 1 -C 8 alkyl and each R b is independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkyl; GeCl 4 ; Ge(NR a 2 ) 4 wherein each R a is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 8 alkyl; and (R b 3 Ge) 2 NH wherein each R b is independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkyl; bis(N,N′-diisopropyl-1,3-propanediamide) titanium; and tetrakis(isopropylmethylamido) titanium; wherein Me is methyl, Et is ethyl, Pr-i is isopropyl, t-Bu is tertiary butyl, t-Am is tertiary amyl, and thd is 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate; wherein the amount of said dopant is effective to stabilize the tetragonal zirconium oxide phase so that the dielectric constant of said dielectric material is greater than 40, and wherein when the dopant precursor comprises Nb, the amount of said dopant does not exceed 3 at %.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the dopant precursor comprises a niobium precursor selected from the group consisting of tBuN═Nb(NMe 2 ) 3 , t-BuN═Nb(NEtMe) 3 , t-AmN═Nb(NEt 2 ) 3 , t-AmN═Nb(NEtMe) 3 , t-AmN═Nb(NMe 2 ) 3 , t-AmN═Nb(OBu-t) 3 , Nb-13, Nb(NEt 2 ) 4 , Nb(NEt 2 ) 5 , Nb(OC 2 H 5 ) 5 , and Nb(thd)(OPr-i) 4 .
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the dopant precursor comprises a niobium precursor selected from the group consisting of:
t-BuN═Nb(NEtMe) 3
t-AmN═Nb(NEt 2 ) 3
t-AmN═Nb(NEtMe) 3
t-AmN═Nb(NMe 2 ) 3
t-AmN═Nb(OBu-t) 3 .
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dopant precursor is selected from the group consisting of Ti(NNe 2 ) 4 ; Ti(Net 2 ) 4 ;TiCl 4 ; SiH(OMe) 3 ; SiCl 4 ; Si(NME 2 ) 4 ; (Me 3 Si) 2 NH; GeR a x (OR b ) 4-x wherein x is from 0 to 4, each R a is independently selected from H or C 1 -C 8 alkyl and each R b is independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkyl; GeCl 4 ; Ge(NR a 2 ) 4 wherein each R a is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 8 alkyl; and (R b 3 Ge) 2 NH wherein each R b is independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkyl; bis(N,N′-diisopropyl-1,3-propanediamide) titanium; and tetrakis(isopropylmethylamido) titanium; wherein Me is methyl, and Et is ethyl.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dopant precursor is selected from the group consisting of Ti(NMe 2 ) 4 ; Ti(NMeEt) 4 ; Ti(NEt 2 ) 4 ; TiCl 4 ; bis(N,N′-diisopropyl-1,3-propanediamide) titanium; and tetrakis(isopropylmethylamido) titanium; wherein Me is methyl, and Et is ethyl.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dopant precursor is selected from the group consisting of SiH(OMe) 3 ; SiCl 4 ; Si(NMe 2 ) 4 ; and (Me 3 Si) 2 NH; wherein Me is methyl, and Et is ethyl.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dopant precursor is selected from the group consisting of GeR a x (OR b ) 4-x wherein x is from 0 to 4, each R a is independently selected from H or C 1 -C 8 alkyl and each R b is independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkyl; GeCl 4 ; Ge(NR a 2 ) 4 wherein each R a is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 8 alkyl; and (R b 3 Ge) 2 NH wherein each R b is independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkyl.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dopant precursor comprises Nb, and the amount of said dopant does not exceed 2.5 at %.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dopant precursor comprises Nb, and the amount of said dopant does not exceed 2 at %.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dopant precursor comprises Nb, and the amount of said dopant is in a range of from 0.05 to 1.0 at %.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dopant is niobium, and the dielectric material is formed by a chemical cocktail process or a dual liquid injection process, said method comprising use of niobium precursor and zirconium precursor to form the dielectric material, wherein the same ligand species are present in both the niobium precursor and the zirconium precursor.