Proppant having non-uniform electrically conductive coatings and methods for making and using same
Electrically conductive proppant particles having non-uniform electrically conductive coatings are disclosed. The non-uniform electrically conductive coatings can have a thickness of at least about 10 nm formed on an outer surface of a sintered, substantially round and spherical particle, wherein less than 95% of the outer surface of the sintered, substantially round and spherical particle is coated with the electrically conductive material. Methods for making and using such electrically conductive proppant particles having non-uniform electrically conductive coatings are also disclosed.
1. An electrically conductive proppant particle, comprising:
a sintered, substantially round and spherical particle having less than about 30% crush at 4,000 psi and a specific gravity of about 4 g/cm 3 or less; and
a non-uniform coating of an electrically conductive material having a thickness of at least about 10 nm formed on an outer surface of the sintered, substantially round and spherical particle, wherein less than 95% of the outer surface of the sintered, substantially round and spherical particle is coated with the electrically conductive material.
2. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive material formed on the outer surface ranges from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt % of the electrically conductive proppant particle.
3. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive material is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper, nickel, and phosphorous and any alloy or mixture thereof.
4. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive material is selected from the group consisting of pyrolytic carbon, carbon black, graphite, coke breeze, carbon fiber, and carbon nanotubes and combination thereof.
5. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive material is in the form of metal clusters, metal flake, metal shot, metal powder, metalloids, metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes or buckminsterfullerenes.
6. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein a proppant pack consisting essentially of a plurality of the electrically conductive proppant particle has a resistivity of less than 3 ohm-cm.
7. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the sintered, substantially round and spherical particle has a size from about 80 to about 10 mesh.
8. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the sintered, substantially round and spherical particle is selected from the group consisting of ceramic proppant, sand, plastic beads and glass beads.
9. The electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , wherein the sintered, substantially round and spherical particle has an alumina content of at least about 30 wt % on a calcined basis and a crush strength at 10,000 psi of from about 5% to about 8.5%.
10. An electrically conductive proppant pack, comprising:
a plurality of substantially round and spherical particles, at least a first portion of said particles comprising a plurality of the electrically conductive proppant particle of claim 1 , and wherein the proppant pack has an electrical conductivity of at least 10 S/m.
11. The proppant pack of claim 10 , wherein the electrically conductive material is selected from the group consisting of pyrolytic carbon, carbon black, graphite, coke breeze, carbon fiber, and carbon nanotubes and any combination thereof.
12. The proppant pack of claim 11 , wherein the electrically conductive material is in the form of metal clusters, metal flake, metal shot, metal powder, metalloids, metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes or buckminsterfullerenes.
13. The proppant pack of claim 10 , wherein a second portion of said particles comprises non-electrically conductive proppant.
14. The proppant pack of claim 13 , wherein the proppant pack comprises at least 20 wt % non-electrically conductive proppant.
15. The proppant pack of claim 14 , wherein the first portion of said particles further comprises electrically conductive proppant particles having a uniform coating of electrically conductive material.
16. A method of fracturing a subterranean formation, comprising:
injecting a hydraulic fluid into a wellbore extending into the subterranean formation at a rate and pressure sufficient to open a fracture therein;
injecting into the fracture a fluid containing a plurality of the electrically conductive proppant particles of claim 1 ; and
forming a proppant pack of the plurality of electrically conductive proppant particles inside the fracture.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the electrically conductive material is an alloy of nickel and copper.