Printing transferable components using microstructured elastomeric surfaces with pressure modulated reversible adhesion
In a method of printing a transferable component, a stamp including an elastomeric post having three-dimensional relief features protruding from a surface thereof is pressed against a component on a donor substrate with a first pressure that is sufficient to mechanically deform the relief features and a region of the post between the relief features to contact the component over a first contact area. The stamp is retracted from the donor substrate such that the component is adhered to the stamp. The stamp including the component adhered thereto is pressed against a receiving substrate with a second pressure that is less than the first pressure to contact the component over a second contact area that is smaller than the first contact area. The stamp is then retracted from the receiving substrate to delaminate the component from the stamp and print the component onto the receiving substrate. Related apparatus and stamps are also discussed.
1. An apparatus for printing transferable components, the apparatus comprising:
a stamp comprising an elastomeric post protruding therefrom, the post having a surface configured for contact with a respective transferable component and including three-dimensional relief features protruding therefrom;
a transfer printing tool head including the stamp mounted thereon; and
a controller configured to operate the transfer printing tool head to press the stamp including the post protruding therefrom against the respective transferable component on a donor substrate with a first pressure to mechanically deform the relief features and a region of the post between the relief features such that the post contacts the respective transferable component over a first contact area, retract the stamp from the donor substrate such that the respective transferable component is adhered to the stamp, press the stamp including the respective transferable component adhered thereto against a receiving substrate with a second pressure that is less than the first pressure such that the post contacts the component over a second contact area that is smaller than the first contact area, and retract the stamp from the receiving substrate to delaminate the respective transferable component from the stamp and print the respective transferable component onto the receiving substrate.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second pressure is insufficient to mechanically deform the region of the post between the relief features into contact with the respective transferable component.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is further configured to operate the transfer printing tool head to conduct said pressing with the first pressure so as to first contact the relief features of the stamp with the component on the donor substrate and then compress the relief features against the component to collapse the region of the post therebetween into contact with the component to define the first contact area.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the first contact area is substantially similar to a cross-sectional area of the post taken along a plane parallel to the surface thereof.
5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the controller is further configured to operate the transfer printing tool head to remove the first pressure from the stamp during said retracting from the donor substrate to substantially reverse said compression of the relief features and reverse said collapse of the region of the post therebetween such that the respective transferable component is adhered to the stamp by ends of one or more of the relief features over a smaller contact area than the first contact area.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein an elastic restoring force of the post responsive to removal of the first pressure during said retracting is insufficient to delaminate the component from the stamp.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the elastomeric post and the relief features protruding from the surface thereof comprise polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and wherein an adhesive strength provided by the first contact area is greater than that of the smaller contact area reached upon said retracting by three or more orders of magnitude.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is further configured to operate the transfer printing tool head to conduct said retracting of the stamp from the donor substrate at a first speed to adhere the respective transferable component thereto, and to conduct said retracting of the stamp from the receiving substrate at a second speed that is less than the first speed so as to delaminate the respective transferable component therefrom.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the relief features are positioned around a periphery of the surface of the post.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the three-dimensional relief features positioned around the periphery of the surface of the post comprise first three-dimensional relief features, and wherein the surface of the post further includes a second three-dimensional relief feature that protrudes from the region thereof between the first relief features.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the second three-dimensional relief feature is larger than the first three-dimensional relief features in at least one dimension.