Probe systems, storage media, and methods for wafer-level testing over extended temperature ranges

1. A method of testing a plurality of devices under test (DUTs), which is present on a substrate, with a probe head assembly, which includes a plurality of probe heads, wherein each of the plurality of DUTs includes a contact pad, wherein each of the plurality of probe heads includes a probe tip configured to communicate with a corresponding contact pad of a corresponding DUT of the plurality of DUTs, wherein the plurality of DUTs is arranged on the substrate in a DUT array that defines an average DUT array spacing, wherein the plurality of probe heads is arranged within the probe head assembly in a probe head array that defines an average probe head array spacing, and further wherein the average probe head array spacing is matched to the average DUT array spacing at a design temperature, the method comprising:

equilibrating the substrate and the probe head assembly to a test temperature that is different from the design temperature, wherein, at the test temperature, the average probe head array spacing differs from the average DUT array spacing;

operatively aligning each probe tip of a first subset of the plurality of probe heads with the corresponding contact pad of a first subset of the plurality of DUTs, wherein the operatively aligning includes operatively aligning such that at least one probe tip of at least one probe head of the plurality of probe heads is misaligned with the corresponding contact pad of the corresponding DUT of the plurality of DUTs;

bringing each probe tip of the first subset of the plurality of probe heads into communication with the corresponding contact pad of the first subset of the plurality of DUTs;

testing the operation of the first subset of the plurality of DUTs; and

repeating the operatively aligning, the bringing, and the testing to:

(i) align each probe tip of a second subset of the plurality of probe heads, which is different from the first subset of the plurality of probe heads, with the corresponding contact pad of a second subset of the plurality of DUTs, which is different from the first subset of the plurality of DUTs;

(ii) bring each probe tip of the second subset of the plurality of probe heads into communication with the corresponding contact pad of the second subset of the plurality of DUTs; and

(iii) test the operation of the second subset of the plurality of DUTs.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the equilibrating includes equilibrating such that, at the test temperature, the average probe head array spacing, as measured within an alignment plane that is at least substantially parallel to a surface of the substrate that includes the plurality of DUTs, is within a threshold spacing difference range of the average DUT array spacing, wherein the threshold spacing difference range is at least 0.1 micrometer and at most 100 micrometers.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first subset of the plurality of probe heads includes at least 5% and at most 50% of the plurality of probe heads.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first subset of the plurality of probe heads includes at least 1 probe head.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operatively aligning includes operatively aligning such that each probe tip in a misaligned subset of the plurality of probe heads is misaligned with the corresponding contact pad.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the misaligned subset of the plurality of probe heads includes at least 50% and at most 95% of the plurality of probe heads.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the misaligned subset of the plurality of probe heads includes at least one fewer than a total number of probe heads in the plurality of probe heads.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operatively aligning includes operatively translating at least one of the substrate and the probe head assembly relative to the other of the substrate and the probe head assembly, wherein the operatively translating includes operatively translating within an alignment plane that is at least substantially parallel to a surface of the substrate that includes the DUTs.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operatively aligning includes operatively rotating at least one of the substrate and the probe head assembly relative to the other of the substrate and the probe head assembly within an alignment plane that is at least substantially parallel to a surface of the substrate that includes the DUTs to rotationally align the plurality of probe heads with the plurality of DUTs.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operatively aligning includes operatively translating at least one probe head, in the plurality of probe heads, relative to at least one other probe head, in the plurality of probe heads, along a contacting axis that is at least substantially perpendicular to a surface of the substrate that includes the plurality of DUTs such that a distance between each probe head in the plurality of probe heads and each corresponding DUT in the plurality of DUTs is within a threshold distance range.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bringing includes physically contacting each probe tip in the first subset of the plurality of probe heads with the corresponding contact pad.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bringing includes physically contacting each probe tip of a misaligned subset of the plurality of probe heads with a portion of the corresponding DUT that does not include the corresponding contact pad of the corresponding DUT.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the testing includes at least one of:

(i) providing a test signal to each DUT in the first subset of the plurality of DUTs; and

(ii) receiving a resultant signal from each DUT in the first subset of the plurality of DUTs.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the repeating includes repeating a plurality of times to utilize each probe head of the plurality of probe heads to test each corresponding DUT of the plurality of DUTs.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further includes:

equilibrating the substrate and the probe head assembly at the design temperature;

operatively aligning each probe tip of each probe head of the plurality of probe heads with the corresponding contact pad of the corresponding DUT of the plurality of DUTs;

bringing each probe tip of each probe head of the plurality of probe heads into communication with the corresponding contact pad of the corresponding DUT of the plurality of DUTs; and

testing the operation of each DUT of the plurality of DUTs.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further includes:

equilibrating the substrate and the probe head assembly at an intermediate temperature that is different from the test temperature and the design temperature;

operatively aligning each probe tip of a third subset of the plurality of probe heads with the corresponding contact pad of a third subset of the plurality of DUTs, wherein the operatively aligning includes operatively aligning such that at least one probe tip of at least one probe head of the plurality of probe heads is misaligned with the corresponding contact pad of the corresponding DUT of the plurality of DUTs;

bringing each probe tip of the third subset of the plurality of probe heads into communication with the corresponding contact pad of the third subset of the plurality of DUTs; and

testing the operation of the third subset of the plurality of DUTs;

wherein a number of probe heads in the third subset of the plurality of probe heads is greater than a number of probe heads in the first subset of the plurality of probe heads but less than a number of probe heads in the plurality of probe heads.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the DUT array includes a plurality of DUT rows, which defines an average DUT row spacing, and a plurality of DUT columns, which defines an average DUT column spacing, and further wherein the average DUT array spacing includes the average DUT row spacing and the average DUT column spacing, and further wherein the probe head array includes at least one of:

(i) a probe head row, or a plurality of probe head rows, which defines an average probe head row spacing; and

(ii) a probe head column, or a plurality of probe head columns, which defines an average probe head column spacing.

18. A probe system configured to simultaneously test a plurality of devices under test (DUTs), which is present on a substrate, wherein each of the plurality of DUTs includes a contact pad, and further wherein the plurality of DUTs is arranged on the substrate in a DUT array that defines an average DUT array spacing, the probe system comprising:

a probe head assembly including a plurality of probe heads, wherein:

(i) each of the plurality of probe heads includes a probe tip configured to electrically contact, and communicate with, a corresponding contact pad of a corresponding DUT;

(ii) the plurality of probe heads is arranged within the probe head assembly in a probe head array that defines an average probe head array spacing; and

(iii) the average probe head array spacing is at least substantially matched to the average DUT array spacing at a design temperature of the probe system;

a chuck defining a support surface configured to support the substrate; and

a controller programmed to control the operation of the probe system according to the method of claim 1 .

19. The probe system of claim 18 , wherein the probe system further includes an orientation-regulating structure configured to regulate a relative orientation between the probe head assembly and the substrate.

20. The probe system of claim 18 , wherein the probe system further includes a temperature-regulating structure configured to regulate a temperature of at least one of:

(i) the chuck;

(ii) the support surface;

(iii) the substrate; and

(iv) the probe head assembly.

21. Non-transitory computer readable storage media including computer-executable instructions that, when executed, direct a probe system to perform the method of claim 1 .