Lithium anodes for electrochemical cells
Provided is an anode for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the anode active layer has a first layer comprising lithium metal and a multi-layer structure comprising single ion conducting layers and polymer layers in contact with the first layer comprising lithium metal or in contact with an intermediate protective layer, such as a temporary protective metal layer, on the surface of the lithium-containing first layer. Another aspect of the invention provides an anode active layer formed by the in-situ deposition of lithium vapor and a reactive gas. The anodes of the current invention are particularly useful in electrochemical cells comprising sulfur-containing cathode active materials, such as elemental sulfur.
1. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a first electrode; and
a second electrode comprising lithium as an electroactive species; and
an intermediary structure positioned between the second electrode and the first electrode, the intermediary structure comprising an inorganic material and a polymer,
wherein the inorganic material comprises lithium ions and is conductive to lithium ions.
2. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a first electrode; and
a second electrode comprising lithium as an electroactive species; and
a protective layer structure positioned between the second electrode and the first electrode, the protective layer structure comprising an inorganic material and a polymer,
wherein the inorganic material comprises lithium ions and is conductive to lithium ions.
3. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a first electrode; and
a second electrode comprising:
lithium as an electroactive species, and
a structure comprising an inorganic material and a polymer,
wherein the inorganic material comprises lithium ions and is conductive to lithium ions.
4. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the intermediary structure is substantially impermeable to liquids.
5. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material has a lithium ion conductivity greater than 10 −7 ohm −1 cm −1 .
6. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the second electrode is formed at least in part by condensing lithium vapor onto a substrate in presence of a gaseous material to co-deposit a lithium electrode active layer.
7. An electrochemical cell as in claim 6 , wherein the gaseous material is selected from one or more of the group consisting of carbon dioxide, acetylene, nitrogen, ethylene, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, alkyl phosphate esters, alkyl sulfite esters, and alkyl sulfate esters.
8. An electrochemical cell as in claim 7 , wherein the gaseous material is carbon dioxide.
9. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the first electrode comprises sulfur as an active first electrode species.
10. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the intermediary structure comprises a polymer layer comprising the polymer, and wherein the inorganic material is in the form of a layer positioned between the second electrode and the polymer layer.
11. An electrochemical cell as in claim 10 , wherein the layer comprising the inorganic material comprises pores, and wherein the polymer fills at least a portion of the pores of the layer.
12. An electrochemical cell as in claim 11 , wherein the polymer is deposited onto the layer comprising the inorganic material by a flash evaporation process.
13. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material comprises a ceramic conductive to lithium ions.
14. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the intermediary structure comprises a multilayer structure comprising layer(s) comprising the inorganic material alternating with layer(s) comprising the polymer.
15. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the second electrode has a thickness of between 5 microns and 50 microns.
16. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , comprising a polymer gel positioned between the second electrode and the first electrode.
17. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material comprises lithium nitride or lithium oxide.
18. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 ,
wherein the second electrode has a thickness of between 5 microns and 50 microns,
wherein the intermediary structure comprises a layer comprising the material,
wherein the layer comprising the inorganic material has a thickness between 10 nm and 2000 nm, and
wherein the intermediary structure comprises a layer comprising the polymer positioned between the layer comprising the inorganic material and the first electrode.
19. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material comprises a metal sulfide.
20. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the first electrode comprises carbon.