Diatomaceous energy storage devices
An energy storage device can include a cathode having a first plurality of frustules, where the first plurality of frustules can include nanostructures having an oxide of manganese. The energy storage device can include an anode comprising a second plurality of frustules, where the second plurality of frustules can include nanostructures having zinc oxide. A frustule can have a plurality of nanostructures on at least one surface, where the plurality of nanostructures can include an oxide of manganese. A frustule can have a plurality of nanostructures on at least one surface, where the plurality of nanostructures can include zinc oxide. An electrode for an energy storage device includes a plurality of frustules, where each of the plurality of frustules can have a plurality of nanostructures formed on at least one surface.
1. A method of forming nanostructures on frustules, the method comprising:
providing frustules; and
forming nanostructures on a surface of each of the frustules, wherein forming the nanostructures comprises microwave heating, wherein the nanostructures comprise at least one of a nanowire, a nanoplate, a nanoparticle, a nanobelt, a nanodisk, a nanosphere, a nanostructure having a rosette shape, a nanoflake, a nanosheet or a nanotube.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanostructures comprise one or more of a metal, a metal oxide and a metal hydroxide.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanostructures comprise one of a zinc oxide, a manganese oxide or a conductive material.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the nanostructures comprise the conductive material, and wherein forming the nanostructures comprises:
forming a silver seed layer on the surface of each of the frustules; and
forming a silver nanostructure on the silver seed layer.
5. The method of claim 4 , forming the silver seed layer comprises applying the microwave heating.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the microwave heating comprises applying a cyclic microwave power to a silver contributing component and the frustules.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein applying the cyclic microwave power comprises alternating a microwave power between 100 Watt and 500 Watt.
8. The method of claim 5 , wherein applying the microwave heating comprises heating in a microwave vessel configured to control the temperature by adjusting power to cause the formation of the silver seed layer.
9. The method of claim 5 , wherein forming the silver seed layer comprises combining the frustules with a seed layer solution.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the seed layer solution comprises the silver contributing component, a seed layer reducing agent and a seed layer solvent.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the seed layer reducing agent comprises a N,N-dimethylformamide, the silver contributing component comprises a silver nitrate, and the seed layer solvent comprises at least one of a water and a polyvinylpyrrolidone.
12. The method of claim 3 , wherein the nanostructures comprise the zinc oxide, and wherein forming the nanostructures comprises:
forming a zinc-oxide seed layer on the surface of each of the frustules; and
forming a zinc-oxide nanostructure on the zinc-oxide seed layer.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein forming the nanostructure comprises applying the microwave heating to each of the frustules having the zinc-oxide seed layer formed thereon in the presence of a nanostructure forming solution comprising a zinc contributing component.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein applying the microwave heating comprises applying a cyclic microwave heating routine.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the zinc contributing component comprises at least one of a zinc acetate, a zinc acetate hydrate, a zinc nitrate, a zinc nitrate hexahydrate, a zinc chloride, a zinc sulfate, and a sodium zincate.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein applying the microwave heating comprises heating the frustules to a temperature from 80° C. to 100° C.
17. The method of claim 3 , wherein the nanostructures comprise the manganese oxide, and wherein forming the nanostructures comprises;
adding the frustules to an oxygenated manganese acetate solution; and
applying the microwave heating to the frustules and the oxygenated manganese acetate solution.
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising forming the oxygenated manganese acetate solution, wherein forming oxygenated manganese acetate solution comprises dissolving manganese (II) acetate in oxygenated water.
19. The method of claim 17 , further comprising forming the oxygenated manganese acetate solution, wherein forming the oxygenated manganese acetate solution comprises dissolving a manganese salt in oxygenated water.
20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising adding an oxidizing agent to the oxygenated manganese acetate solution.
21. The method of 17 , wherein applying the microwave heating comprises maintaining the frustules and the oxygenated manganese acetate solution at a temperature between 50° C. and 150° C.