Encapsulated sulfide glass solid electrolytes and solid-state laminate electrode assemblies
Nanofilm-encapsulated sulfide glass solid electrolyte structures and methods for making the encapsulated glass structures involve a lithium ion conducting sulfide glass sheet encapsulated on its opposing major surfaces by a continuous and conformal nanofilm made by atomic layer deposition (ALD). During manufacture, the reactive surfaces of the sulfide glass sheet are protected from deleterious reaction with ambient moisture, and the nanofilm can be configured to provide additional performance advantages, including enhanced mechanical strength and improved chemical resistance.
1. A nanofilm-encapsulated sulfide glass solid electrolyte structure, the structure comprising:
a dense, moisture sensitive lithium ion conducting sulfide glass solid electrolyte sheet having substantially uniform thickness in the range of 5-50 μm and Li ion conductivity of at least 10 −5 S/cm, the sulfide glass sheet having first and second major opposing surfaces and a peripheral edge surface; and
a continuous inorganic nanofilm that conforms to the sulfide glass surfaces and encapsulates, in direct contact, the first and second major opposing surfaces of the glass sheet and the peripheral edge surface of the glass sheet;
wherein the nanofilm is pinhole free and protects the encapsulated glass surfaces against chemical degradation by ambient moisture during storage or battery cell manufacture.
2. The solid electrolyte structure of claim 1 , having an area specific resistance (ASR) that is less than 200 Ω-cm 2 at room temperature.
3. The solid electrolyte structure of claim 2 , wherein the nanofilm prevents egress of hydrogen sulfide gas during battery cell and/or battery cell component manufacture, when performed under a controlled atmosphere having a dew point of −20° C. or lower.
4. The solid electrolyte structure of claim 1 , wherein the nanofilm increases the flexural strength of the sulfide glass sheet by at least 30%.
5. The solid electrolyte structure of claim 1 , wherein the nanofilm improves the oxidative stability of the sulfide glass sheet, and thereby enables the solid electrolyte structure to directly contact intercalation cathode materials in a battery cell without chemical degradation.
6. The solid electrolyte structure of claim 1 , wherein all surfaces of the sulfide glass sheet are encapsulated by the continuous and conformal inorganic nanofilm.
7. The solid electrolyte structure of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the nanofilm is substantially uniform and about 1 nm to about 50 nm.
8. The solid electrolyte structure of claim 1 , wherein the nanofilm has a substantially uniform material composition selected from the group consisting of a metal or semi-metal oxide, a metal or semi-metal nitride, a lithium phosphorous oxide, a lithium phosphorous oxynitride, and a phosphorous nitride devoid of oxygen.
9. The solid electrolyte structure of claim 1 , wherein the nanofilm material composition is aluminum oxide.
10. The solid electrolyte structure of claim 1 , wherein the nanofilm is a construct of two continuous and conformal nanolayers.
11. The solid electrolyte structure of claim 10 , wherein the nanofilm comprises: i) a first continuous nanolayer that encapsulates in direct contact the sulfide glass sheet first major surface; and ii) a second continuous nanolayer that encapsulates in direct contact the sulfide glass sheet second major surface; and further wherein the material composition of the first nanolayer is different than the material composition of the second nanolayer.
12. The solid electrolyte structure of claim 11 , wherein the first nanolayer comprises aluminum oxide and the second nanolayer is selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride and a phosphorous nitride that is devoid of oxygen.
13. A solid-state laminate electrode assembly comprising a nanofilm-encapsulated sulfide glass solid electrolyte structure in accordance with claim 1 , and further comprising a lithium metal layer in direct contact with the nanofilm.
14. The solid electrolyte structure of claim 1 , wherein the material composition of the nanofilm is an insulator in bulk form, but is transparent or permeable to lithium ions as a nanofilm.
15. The solid-state laminate electrode assembly of claim 13 , wherein the material composition of the nanofilm is an insulator in bulk form, but is transparent or permeable to lithium ions as a nanofilm.
16. A method of making a nanofilm-encapsulated sulfide glass solid electrolyte structure, the method comprising:
(i) providing a substrate-less lithium ion conducting sulfide glass solid electrolyte sheet having a thickness in the range of 5 to 50 um, and having first and second major opposing surfaces and a peripheral edge surface; and
(ii) depositing by atomic layer deposition a continuous inorganic nanofilm that encapsulates the sulfide glass sheet first and second major surfaces and the peripheral edge surface.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the material composition of the nanofilm is an insulator in bulk form, but is transparent or permeable to lithium ions as a nanofilm.