Proppant having non-uniform electrically conductive coatings and methods for making and using same
Electrically conductive proppant particles having non-uniform electrically conductive coatings are disclosed. The non-uniform electrically conductive coatings can have a thickness of at least about 10 nm formed on an outer surface of a sintered, substantially round and spherical particle, wherein less than 95% of the outer surface of the sintered, substantially round and spherical particle is coated with the electrically conductive material. Methods for making and using such electrically conductive proppant particles having non-uniform electrically conductive coatings are also disclosed.
1. An electrically conductive proppant pack, comprising:
a plurality of particles having less than about 30% crush at 4,000 psi and a specific gravity of about 4 g/cm 3 or less; and
a non-uniform coating of an electrically conductive material having a thickness of at least about 10 nm disposed on an outer surface of one or more of the plurality of particles, wherein the electrically conductive proppant pack has an electrical conductivity of at least 10 S/m.
2. The electrically conductive proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein the non-uniform coating of the electrically conductive material has a thickness of from about 100 nm to about 5,000 nm.
3. The electrically conductive proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive material is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper, nickel, and phosphorous and any alloy or mixture thereof.
4. The electrically conductive proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive material is selected from the group consisting of pyrolytic carbon, carbon black, graphite, coke breeze, carbon fiber; and carbon nanotubes and combination thereof.
5. The electrically conductive proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive material is in the form of particles; nanoparticles, metal clusters, metal flake, metal shot; metal powder, metalloids, metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes or buckminsterfullerenes.
6. The electrically conductive proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the plurality of particles have less than 95% of their respective outer surface covered with the electrically conductive material.
7. The electrically conductive proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein each particle of the plurality of particles has a size from about 100 to about 10 mesh.
8. The electrically conductive proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein each particle of the plurality of particles is selected from the group consisting of ceramic proppant, sand, plastic beads and glass beads.
9. The electrically conductive proppant pack of claim 1 , wherein each particle of the plurality of particles has an alumina content of at least about 30 wt % on a calcined basis and a crush strength at 10,000 psi of from about 5% to about 8.5%.
10. An electrically conductive proppant pack, comprising:
a plurality of proppant particles, at least a first portion of said proppant particles comprising a coating containing an electrically conductive material having a thickness of at least 10 nm on an outer surface of each said proppant particle of the first portion, wherein the electrically conductive material is in the form of electrically conductive particles, wherein the proppant particles have an apparent specific gravity of about 4 g/cm 3 or less, and wherein the proppant pack has an electrical conductivity of at least 10 S/m.
11. The proppant pack of claim 10 , wherein the electrically conductive particles are pyrolytic carbon, carbon black, graphite, coke breeze, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, metal clusters, metal flake, metal shot, metal powder, metalloids, metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, or buckminsterfullerenes or combinations thereof.
12. The proppant pack of claim 11 , wherein less than 100% of the outer surface of each said particle comprising the coating is coated with the electrically conductive material.
13. The proppant pack of claim 10 , wherein a second portion of said proppant particles comprises a uniform coating of a second electrically conductive material.
14. The proppant pack of claim 13 , wherein the second electrically conductive material comprises nickel.
15. The proppant pack of claim 14 , wherein the second electrically conductive material is an alloy of nickel and copper.
16. A method of fracturing a subterranean formation, comprising:
injecting a hydraulic fluid into a wellbore extending into the subterranean formation at a rate and pressure sufficient to open a fracture therein;
injecting into the fracture a fluid containing a plurality of proppant particles and a plurality of electrically conductive particles; and
forming a proppant pack from the plurality of proppant particles and the plurality of electrically conductive particles inside the fracture, the proppant pack comprising an electrical conductivity of at least 10 S/m and having a long-term permeability greater than 10 darcies at a stress of 7,500 psi and a temperature of 250° F., as measured in accord with ISO 13503-5.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the electrically conductive particles are pyrolytic carbon, carbon black, graphite, coke breeze, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, metal clusters, metal flake, metal shot, metal powder, metalloids, metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, or buckminsterfullerenes or combinations thereof.
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising:
electrically energizing the earth at or near the fracture; and
measuring one or more electric and/or magnetic field responses at a surface of the earth or in an adjacent wellbore.
19. The method of claim 18 , further comprising measuring an induced polarization effect to determine a location of the plurality of proppant particles.
20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising measuring an inductive response of the earth to determine the location of the plurality of proppant particles.