Methods of adjusting gain error in instrumentation amplifiers
A current feed-back instrumentation amplifier (CFIA) comprises a differential pair with degeneration for amplifying small differential voltages in the presence of large common-mode voltages. The CFIA includes input and feedback transconductors and a trimming circuit that trims the back-bias voltages of the transistors in each transconductor. The trimming circuit includes a plurality of selectable resistors disposed in the signal path of the tail current in each transconductor. Each of the plurality of selectable resistors has a switch coupled to it. When a switch is closed, only the resistors up to the respective switch are in the signal path of the bulk-to-source voltage of the differentially paired transistors. The resistor trimming circuit reduces the mismatch between transconductances of the respective differential pair transistors, in turn reducing mismatch of the overall transconductances of the transconductors, and thereby reducing the CFIA's gain error.
1. A method for gain error correction in a current-feedback instrumentation amplifier, said method comprising the steps of:
providing an input transconductor, the input transconductor comprising:
a first differential pair of transistors,
a first tail current source; and
a first trimming circuit coupled between the first tail current source and the first differential pair of transistors, and to a bulk of the first differential pair of transistors;
wherein the first trimming circuit varies a first back-bias voltage on the bulk of the first differential pair of transistors;
providing a feedback transconductor; and
adjusting the first trimming circuit to reduce a mismatch between the input transconductor and feedback transconductor.
2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising the steps of providing first degeneration resistors coupled between the first differential pair of transistors and the first trimming circuit.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first trimming circuit comprises a plurality of series connected resistors and a plurality of switches coupled to the plurality of series connected resistors, whereby the first back-bias voltage is varied.
4. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:
providing a modulator circuit between the first tail current source and a second tail current source, and the first trimming circuit and a second trimming circuit;
controlling the modulator circuit by alternating first and second phase states;
wherein:
during the first phase state the modulator circuit couples the first tail current source to the first trimming circuit and the second tail current source to the second trimming circuit; and
during the second phase state the modulator circuit couples the first tail current source to the second trimming circuit, and the second tail current source to the first trimming circuit.
5. A method for gain error correction in a current-feedback instrumentation amplifier, said method comprising the steps of:
providing an input transconductor;
providing a feedback transconductor, the feedback transconductor comprising:
a first differential pair of transistors;
a first tail current source; and
a first trimming circuit coupled between the first tail current source and the first differential pair of transistors, and to a bulk of the first differential pair of transistors;
wherein the first trimming circuit varies a first back-bias voltage on the bulk of the first differential pair of transistors; and
adjusting the first trimming circuit to reduce a mismatch between the input transconductor and feedback transconductor.
6. The method according to claim 5 , further comprising the steps of providing first degeneration resistors coupled between the first differential pair of transistors and the first trimming circuit.
7. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the first trimming circuit comprises a plurality of series connected resistors and a plurality of switches coupled to the plurality of series connected resistors, whereby the first back-bias voltage is varied.
8. The method according to claim 5 , further comprising the steps of:
providing a modulator circuit between the first tail current source and a second tail current source, and the first trimming circuit and a second trimming circuit;
controlling the modulator circuit by alternating first and second phase states;
wherein:
during the first phase state the modulator circuit couples the first tail current source to the first trimming circuit and the second tail current source to the second trimming circuit; and
during the second phase state the modulator circuit couples the first tail current source to the second trimming circuit, and the second tail current source to the first trimming circuit.
9. A current-feedback instrumentation amplifier having gain error correction, comprising:
a feedback transconductor;
an input transconductor comprising:
a first differential pair of transistors;
a first tail current source; and
a first trimming circuit coupled between the first tail current source and the first differential pair of transistors, and to a bulk of the first differential pair of transistors, the first trimming circuit configured to:
vary a first back-bias voltage on the bulk of the first differential pair of transistors; and
be adjusted to reduce a mismatch between the input transconductor and feedback transconductor.
10. The current-feedback instrumentation amplifier according to claim 9 , further comprising first degeneration resistors coupled between the first differential pair of transistors and the first trimming circuit.
11. The current-feedback instrumentation amplifier according to claim 9 , wherein the first trimming circuit comprises series connected resistors and a switch coupled to the series connected resistors, wherein the resistors and switch are configured to vary the first back-bias voltage.
12. The current-feedback instrumentation amplifier according to claim 9 , further comprising a modulator circuit coupled between the first tail current source and a second tail current source, and between the first trimming circuit and a second trimming circuit, wherein:
the modulator circuit is configured to alternate between first and second phase states;
during the first phase state the modulator circuit is configured to couple the first tail current source to the first trimming circuit and the second tail current source to the second trimming circuit; and
during the second phase state the modulator circuit is configured to couple the first tail current source to the second trimming circuit, and the second tail current source to the first trimming circuit.
13. The current-feedback instrumentation amplifier according to claim 12 , wherein the modulator circuit comprises:
a first switch coupled between the first tail current source and first degeneration resistors;
a second switch coupled between the first tail current source and second degeneration resistors;
a third switch coupled between the second tail current source and the first degeneration resistors; and
a fourth switch coupled between the second tail current source and the second degeneration resistors;
wherein:
the first and fourth switches are configured to close and the second and third switches are configured to open on a first phase state control signal; and
the second and third switches are configured to close and the first and fourth switches are configured to open on a second phase state control signal.
14. A current-feedback instrumentation amplifier having gain error correction, comprising:
an input transconductor; and
a feedback transconductor comprising:
a first differential pair of transistors;
a first tail current source; and
a first trimming circuit coupled between the first tail current source and the first differential pair of transistors, and to a bulk of the first differential pair of transistors, the first trimming circuit configured to:
vary a first back-bias voltage on the bulk of the first differential pair of transistors; and
be adjusted to reduce gain error between the input transconductor and feedback transconductor.
15. The current-feedback instrumentation amplifier according to claim 14 , further comprising first degeneration resistors coupled between the first differential pair of transistors and the first trimming circuit.
16. The current-feedback instrumentation amplifier according to claim 14 , wherein the first trimming circuit comprises series connected resistors and a switch coupled to the series connected resistors, wherein the resistors and switch are configured to vary the first back-bias voltage.
17. The current-feedback instrumentation amplifier according to claim 14 , further comprising a modulator circuit coupled between the first tail current source and a second tail current source, and between the first trimming circuit and a second trimming circuit, wherein:
the modulator circuit is configured to alternate between first and second phase states;
during the first phase state the modulator circuit is configured to couple the first tail current source to the first trimming circuit and the second tail current source to the second trimming circuit; and
during the second phase state the modulator circuit is configured to couple the first tail current source to the second trimming circuit, and the second tail current source to the first trimming circuit.
18. The current-feedback instrumentation amplifier according to claim 17 , wherein the modulator circuit comprises:
a first switch coupled between the first tail current source and first degeneration resistors;
a second switch coupled between the first tail current source and second degeneration resistors;
a third switch coupled between the second tail current source and the first degeneration resistors; and
a fourth switch coupled between the second tail current source and the second degeneration resistors;
wherein:
the first and fourth switches are configured to close and the second and third switches are configured to open on a first phase state control signal; and
the second and third switches are configured to close and the first and fourth switches are configured to open on a second phase state control signal.