Methods of making lithium ion conducting sulfide glass
A lithium ion-conductive solid electrolyte including a freestanding inorganic vitreous sheet of sulfide-based lithium ion conducting glass is capable of high performance in a lithium metal battery. Such an electrolyte is also manufacturable, and readily adaptable for battery cell and cell component manufacture, in a cost-effective, scalable manner using an automated machine based system, apparatus and methods based on inline spectrophotometry to assess and inspect the quality of such vitreous solid electrolyte sheets and associated components. Suitable manufacturing methods can involve providing a sulfur precursor, providing a boron precursor material having lithium as a second constituent, combining the sulfur and boron precursor materials to form a precursor mixture, melting the mixture, and cooling the melt to form a solid lithium ion conducting glass. The glass may have a Li+ conductivity of at least 10 −5 S/cm. The boron precursor material may be synthesized by reducing boron oxide to boron metal by heating the boron oxide in direct contact with lithium metal.
1. A method of making a lithium ion conducting sulfide glass, the method comprising:
i) providing a sulfur precursor material comprising sulfur as a main constituent element;
ii) providing a boron precursor material comprising boron as a first constituent element and lithium as a second constituent, wherein the boron precursor material is an alloy of lithium and boron, Li x B;
iii) combining the sulfur and boron precursor materials to form a precursor mixture;
iv) melting the mixture; and
v) cooling the melt to form a solid lithium ion conducting glass having Li + conductivity greater than or equal to 10 −5 S/cm.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the boron precursor material is essentially devoid of magnesium as an impurity element.
3. A method of making a lithium ion conducting sulfide glass, the method comprising:
i) providing a sulfur precursor material comprising sulfur as a main constituent element;
ii) synthesizing a boron precursor material by reducing boron oxide (e.g., B 2 O 3 ) to boron metal by heating the boron oxide in direct contact with lithium metal, wherein the boron precursor comprises boron as a first constituent element;
iii) combining the sulfur and boron precursor materials to form a precursor mixture;
iv) melting the precursor mixture; and
v) cooling the melt to form a solid lithium ion conducting glass.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the boron precursor material comprises boron as a first constituent element and lithium as a second constituent element.
5. The method of claim 3 wherein the reducing the boron oxide to boron metal is performed in the absence of magnesium metal.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a lithium precursor material that comprises lithium as a main constituent element; and further wherein the combining step includes adding the lithium precursor material to the precursor mixture.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the lithium precursor material is lithium metal.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the lithium precursor material is a lithium sulfide compound.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the lithium precursor is Li 2 S.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the sulfur precursor material is elemental sulfur.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein x is less than or equal to 1.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein x is greater than 1.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the boron precursor material is made reducing boron oxide.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the boron precursor material is not made by thermal decomposition of a boron halide or by molten salt electrolysis.
15. The method of claim 3 further comprising the step of providing a lithium precursor material that comprises lithium as a main constituent element; and further wherein the combining step includes adding the lithium precursor material to the precursor mixture.
16. The method of claim 3 wherein the sulfur precursor material is elemental sulfur.
17. The method of claim 4 wherein the boron precursor material is an alloy of lithium and boron, Li x B.