High optical transparent two-dimensional electronic conducting system and process for generating same
Hybrid transparent conducting materials are disclosed with combine a polycrystalline film and conductive nanostructures, in which the polycrystalline film is “percolation doped” with the conductive nanostructures. The polycrystalline film preferably is a single atomic layer thickness of polycrystalline graphene, and conductive nanostructures preferably are silver nanowires.
1. A photovoltaic cell comprising:
a transparent electrode comprising a polycrystalline graphene film that is percolation doped with randomly dispersed metallic nanowires, wherein the metallic nanowires do not form a percolation network for charge carriers across the transparent electrode.
2. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the transparent electrode comprises a plurality of stacked layers, each of the plurality of stacked layers comprising a polycrystalline graphene film that is percolation doped with randomly dispersed metallic nanowires.
3. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the transparent electrode has a sheet resistance below twenty ohms per square and a transmittance above ninety percent for solar radiation.
4. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein an average distance between the conductive nanowires is greater than an average length of the conductive nanowires.
5. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein an average length of the conductive nanowires is greater than an average grain diameter in the polycrystalline graphene film.
6. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the number of conductive nanowires is less than one half a number of grains in the polycrystalline graphene film.
7. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the polycrystalline graphene film is an atomic monolayer.
8. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the conductive nanowires are silver nanowires.
9. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein each of the conductive nanowires has a length greater than 1 μm and a cross-sectional dimension of less than 1 μm.
10. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein a density of the conductive nanowires is at most sixty percent of a percolation threshold.
11. A liquid crystal display comprising:
a transparent electrode comprising a polycrystalline graphene film that is percolation doped with randomly dispersed metallic nanowires, wherein the metallic nanowires do not form a percolation network for charge carriers across the transparent electrode.
12. The liquid crystal display of claim 11 , wherein the transparent electrode comprises a plurality of stacked layers, each of the plurality of stacked layers comprising a polycrystalline graphene film that is percolation doped with randomly dispersed metallic nanowires.
13. The liquid crystal display of claim 11 , wherein the transparent electrode has a sheet resistance below twenty ohms per square and a transmittance above ninety percent for solar radiation.
14. The liquid crystal display of claim 11 , wherein an average distance between the conductive nanowires is greater than an average length of the conductive nanowires.
15. The liquid crystal display of claim 11 , wherein an average length of the conductive nanowires is greater than an average grain diameter in the polycrystalline graphene film.
16. The liquid crystal display of claim 11 , wherein the number of conductive nanowires is less than one half a number of grains in the polycrystalline graphene film.
17. The liquid crystal display of claim 11 , wherein the polycrystalline graphene film is an atomic monolayer.
18. The liquid crystal display of claim 11 , wherein the conductive nanowires are silver nanowires.
19. The liquid crystal display of claim 11 , wherein each of the conductive nanowires has a length greater than 1 μm and a cross-sectional dimension of less than 1 μm.
20. The liquid crystal display of claim 11 , wherein a density of the conductive nanowires is at most sixty percent of a percolation threshold.