Electrode protection using a composite comprising an electrolyte-inhibiting ion conductor
Composite structures including an ion-conducting material and a polymeric material (e.g., a separator) to protect electrodes are generally described. The ion-conducting material may be in the form of a layer that is bonded to a polymeric separator. The ion-conducting material may comprise a lithium oxysulfide having a lithium-ion conductivity of at least at least 10 −6 S/cm.
1. A process of making an electrochemical cell, comprising the following steps:
providing a separator comprising pores, wherein the separator has a bulk electronic resistivity of at least about 10 4 Ohm-meters;
bonding a solid ion conductor layer to the separator to form a composite, wherein the separator and the solid ion conductor layer have a strength of adhesion that passes a tape test according to standard ASTM D3359-02, wherein the solid ion conductor layer comprises a lithium oxysulfide having an atomic ratio of oxygen atoms to sulfur atoms (O:S) in the range of from 0.001:1 to 1.5:1, and wherein the solid ion conductor layer is substantially formed of a non-polymeric material; and
assembling the electrochemical cell.
2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein bonding the solid ion conductor layer to the separator is achieved by depositing an ion conductor material onto the surface of the separator.
3. A process according to claim 1 , wherein an intermediate product obtained by bonding the solid ion conductor layer to the separator is a composite which is a free-standing structure.
4. A process according to claim 1 , comprising positioning the composite between a first electrode and a second electrode.
5. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the solid ion conductor layer comprises the lithium oxysulfide having an atomic ratio of oxygen atoms to sulfur atoms (O:S) in the range of from 0.01:1 to 0.25:1.
6. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the solid ion conductor layer comprising the lithium oxysulfide is a part of a multi-layered structure comprising more than one ion conductor layers.
7. A process according to claim 6 , wherein at least two layers of the multi-layered structure are formed of different materials.
8. A process according to claim 1 , comprising positioning the solid ion conductor layer comprising the lithium oxysulfide to be in direct contact with each of a first electrode and the separator.
9. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the separator has a bulk electronic resistivity between 10 10 Ohm-meters and 10 15 Ohm-meters.
10. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the separator is a solid, polymeric separator.
11. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the separator is a solid comprising a mixture of a polymeric binder and a filler comprising a ceramic or a glassy/ceramic material.
12. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the separator comprises one or more of poly(n-pentene-2), polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, a polyamide (e.g., polyamide (Nylon), poly(e-caprolactam) (Nylon 6), poly(hexamethylene adipamide) (Nylon 66)), a polyimide (e.g., polynitrile, and poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) (Kapton®) (NOMEX®) (KEVLAR®)), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and combinations thereof.
13. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the lithium oxysulfide has a formula of x(yLi 2 S+zLi 2 O)+MS 2 (where M is Si, Ge, or Sn), where y+z=1, and where x may range from 0.5-3.
14. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the solid ion conductor layer comprises a glass-forming additive ranging from 0 wt % to 30 wt % of a solid ion conductor material.
15. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the separator has an average pore size of less than or equal to 0.5 microns.
16. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the solid ion conductor layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 800 nm.
17. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the composite has a lithium ion conductivity of at least 10 −5 S/cm at 25 degrees Celsius.
18. A process according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a thickness of the solid ion conductor layer to an average pore size of the separator is at least 1.1:1 and less than or equal to 20:1.
19. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the strength of adhesion between the separator and the solid ion conductor layer is at least 50 N/m and less than or equal to 2000 N/m.
20. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the solid ion conductor layer serves as a solvent barrier in the electrochemical cell.
21. A process of making an electrochemical cell, comprising the following steps:
providing a separator comprising pores, wherein the separator has a bulk electronic resistivity of at least about 10 4 Ohm-meters;
bonding a solid ion conductor layer to the separator to form a composite, wherein the separator and the solid ion conductor layer have a strength of adhesion that passes a tape test according to standard ASTM D3359-02, wherein the solid ion conductor layer comprises a lithium oxysulfide, wherein the solid ion conductor layer is substantially formed of a non-polymeric material, and wherein the lithium oxysulfide has a formula of x(yLi 2 S+zLi 2 O)+MS 2 (where M is Si, Ge, or Sn), where y+z=1, and where x may range from 0.5-3; and
assembling the electrochemical cell.
22. A process of making an electrochemical cell, comprising the following steps:
providing a separator comprising pores, wherein the separator has a bulk electronic resistivity of at least about 10 4 Ohm-meters;
bonding a solid ion conductor layer to the separator to form a composite, wherein the separator and the solid ion conductor layer have a strength of adhesion that passes a tape test according to standard ASTM D3359-02, wherein the solid ion conductor layer comprises a lithium oxysulfide, wherein the solid ion conductor layer is substantially formed of a non-polymeric material, and wherein an RMS surface roughness of the solid ion conductor layer is between 0.5 nm and 1 micron; and
assembling the electrochemical cell.