Compliant solid-state ionically conductive composite materials and method for making same
Provided herein are ionically conductive solid-state compositions that include ionically conductive inorganic particles in a matrix of an organic material. The resulting composite material has high ionic conductivity and mechanical properties that facilitate processing. In particular embodiments, the ionically conductive solid-state compositions are compliant and may be cast as films. In some embodiments of the present invention, solid-state electrolytes including the ionically conductive solid-state compositions are provided. In some embodiments of the present invention, electrodes including the ionically conductive solid-state compositions are provided. The present invention further includes embodiments that are directed to methods of manufacturing the ionically conductive solid-state compositions and batteries incorporating the ionically conductive solid-state compositions.
1. A solid-state electrode for use in an alkali ion or alkali metal battery, comprising:
an inorganic phase comprising an ionically conductive inorganic material and an electrochemically active material; and
an organic phase comprising a homogenous mixture of a first component and a binder, wherein the first component is a non-ionically conductive polymer having a number average molecular weight of between 500 g/mol and 50,000 g/mol and the binder is a non-ion conducting polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 100 kg/mol.
2. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive inorganic material constitutes between 15% and 60% by weight of the inorganic phase, the electrochemically active material constitutes between 30% and 80% by weight of the inorganic phase, and the inorganic phase further comprises an electronically conductive additive that constitutes between 5% and 25% of the inorganic phase.
3. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component constitutes between 50% and 99% by weight of the organic phase, and the binder constitutes between 1% and 50% by weight of the organic phase.
4. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polybutadiene (PBD), polystyrene, a cyclic olefin polymer.
5. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component is a linear polymer having end groups selected from cyano, thiol, amide, amino, sulfonic acid, epoxy, carboxyl, or hydroxyl groups.
6. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic phase is dispersed in a matrix of the organic phase.
7. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of less than −50° C.
8. The solid-state electrode of claim 7 , wherein the binder has a glass transition temperature greater than 70° C.
9. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic phase constitutes at least 85% by weight of the solid-state electrode.
10. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the organic phase constitutes between 3% and 15% by weight of the solid-state electrode.
11. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active material is selected from the group consisting of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM).
12. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active material is selected from the group consisting of a carbon-containing material, a silicon-containing material, a tin-containing material, lithium, or a lithium alloyed metal.
13. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component and binder are soluble in a non-polar organic solvent.
14. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active material is a silicon-containing material.
15. A solid-state electrode for use in an alkali ion or alkali metal battery, comprising:
an inorganic phase comprising an ionically conductive inorganic material and an electrochemically active material; and
an organic phase comprising a first component and a binder, wherein the first component is a non-ionically-conductive polymer having a number average molecular weight of between 500 g/mol and 50,000 g/mol and the binder is a non-ion conducting polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 100 kg/mol, and wherein the binder is soluble in a non-polar organic solvent.
16. The solid-state electrode of claim 15 , wherein the non-polar organic solvent is p-xylene.
17. The solid-state electrode of claim 15 , wherein the inorganic phase further comprises an electronically conductive additive.
18. The solid-state electrode of claim 17 , wherein the ionically conductive inorganic material constitutes between 15% and 60% by weight of the inorganic phase, the electrochemically active material constitutes between 30% and 80% by weight of the inorganic phase, and the electronically conductive additive constitutes between 5% and 25% of the inorganic phase.
19. The solid-state electrode of claim 15 , wherein the first component constitutes between 50% and 99% by weight of the organic phase, and the binder constitutes between 1% and 50% by weight of the organic phase.
20. The solid-state electrode of claim 15 , wherein the electrochemically active material is a silicon-containing material.