Vitreous solid electrolyte sheets of Li ion conducting sulfur-based glass and associated structures, cells and methods
A lithium ion-conductive solid electrolyte including a freestanding inorganic vitreous sheet of sulfide-based lithium ion conducting glass is capable of high performance in a lithium metal battery by providing a high degree of lithium ion conductivity while being highly resistant to the initiation and/or propagation of lithium dendrites. Such an electrolyte is also itself manufacturable, and readily adaptable for battery cell and cell component manufacture, in a cost-effective, scalable manner.
1. A method for making a standalone Li ion conductive solid electrolyte separator, the method comprising making a vitreous solid sheet of Li ion conducting sulfur-based glass; wherein the method for making the vitreous sheet comprises the steps of:
a. forming a continuous fluid sheet of an inorganic sulfur-based glass at a temperature above T g of the glass, the fluid sheet having substantially parallel lengthwise edges and a center portion having first and second opposing principal side surfaces;
b. causing the continuous fluid sheet to flow with unbroken continuity;
c. solidifying the continuous fluid sheet by cooling it to a temperature below T g ;
wherein the solidified fluid sheet of sulfur-based glass is vitreous, substantially amorphous, conductive of Li ions, and of unbroken continuity; and
wherein just prior to reaching a temperature at or below T g , the first and second principal side surfaces are untouched by a foreign solid surface; and
further comprising the step of removing peripheral lengthwise edge portions of the sheet by laser cutting.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the center portion of the fluid sheet has uniform thickness (t) selected from the group consisting of 250 mm<t≤500 mm (±10%); 100 mm<t≤250 mm (±20%); 50 mm<t≤100 mm (±20%); 30 mm<t≤50 mm (±20%); and 10 mm<t≤30 mm (±20%).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solidified fluid sheet is at least 10 cm long.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid sheet of sulfur-based glass is a fluid stream of unbroken continuity that is derived directly from a liquid melt and caused to flow along its lengthwise dimension.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mole % of Li in the sulfur-based glass is >10%.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid sheet is a fluid stream of unbroken continuity that is not derived directly from a liquid melt.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming step comprises: i) providing a solid vitreous preform of the sulfur-based glass; ii) heating a section of the preform to a temperature above T g but below T liq ; iii) and causing the heated section of the preform to flow.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the fluid sheet is caused to flow by a pulling force applied to the heated section of the preform.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sulfur-based glass has glass stability factor less than 50° C.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sulfur-based glass has glass stability factor less than 30° C.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the vitreous solid sheet of Li ion conducting sulfur-based glass is essentially free of crystalline phases.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:
i) selecting constituent elements of the sulfur-based glass, the constituent elements comprising S (sulfur), Li (lithium), and one or more of P (phosphorous), B (boron), Si (silicon), and O (oxygen); and
ii) adjusting the mole ratio of the constituent elements to increase the liquidus viscosity, without decreasing the room temperature Li ion conductivity of the sheet below 10 −5 S/cm.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the adjusting step comprises not decreasing the room temperature Li ion conductivity below 10 −4 S/cm.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the liquidus viscosity is greater than 200 poise.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the liquidus viscosity is greater than 1,000 poise.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the adjusting step does not increase the ASR to a value greater than 200 W-cm 2 , as measured between opposing principal side surfaces using non-blocking lithium metal electrodes.
17. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:
i) selecting constituent elements of the inorganic sulfur-based Li ion conducting glass, the constituent elements comprising S (sulfur), Li (lithium), and one or more of P (phosphorous), B (boron), Si (silicon), and O (oxygen); and
ii) adjusting the mole ratio of the constituent elements to increase the glass stability factor {T g −T g } of the sulfur-based glass, without decreasing the room temperature Li ion conductivity of the sheet below 10 −5 S/cm.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the room temperature Li ion conductivity does not decrease below 10 −4 S/cm.