Microfabricated ultrasonic transducers and related apparatus and methods
Micromachined ultrasonic transducers integrated with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) substrates are described, as well as methods of fabricating such devices. Fabrication may involve two separate wafer bonding steps. Wafer bonding may be used to fabricate sealed cavities in a substrate. Wafer bonding may also be used to bond the substrate to another substrate, such as a CMOS wafer. At least the second wafer bonding may be performed at a low temperature.
1. An ultrasound device, comprising:
a membrane comprising a silicon layer;
a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) substrate including integrated circuitry;
an ultrasonic transducer cavity; and
an electrode configured to control vibration of the membrane within the ultrasonic transducer cavity;
wherein:
the ultrasonic transducer cavity is disposed between the membrane and the electrode along a vertical dimension of the ultrasound device;
the electrode is disposed between the ultrasonic transducer cavity and the CMOS substrate along the vertical dimension of the ultrasound device;
the electrode is electrically coupled to the integrated circuitry; and
an opening extends from the ultrasonic transducer cavity, through the silicon layer, and to an external environment of the ultrasound device.
2. The ultrasound device of claim 1 , wherein the opening comprises a single opening that extends from the ultrasonic transducer cavity and through the silicon layer.
3. The ultrasound device of claim 1 , wherein the opening comprises one of a plurality of openings that extend from the ultrasonic transducer cavity and through the silicon layer.
4. The ultrasound device of claim 1 , wherein the opening extends vertically through the silicon layer.
5. The ultrasound device of claim 1 , wherein the opening extends from the ultrasonic transducer cavity along a path comprising at least one non-vertical portion.
6. The ultrasound device of claim 5 , wherein the opening extends to a trench disposed in the silicon layer at a periphery of the ultrasound device.
7. The ultrasound device of claim 1 , wherein the opening is formed using etching.
8. The ultrasound device of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasonic transducer cavity comprises one of a plurality of ultrasonic transducer cavities, the opening comprises one of a plurality of openings, and each of the plurality of openings extends to one of the plurality of ultrasonic transducer cavities.
9. The ultrasound device of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasonic transducer cavity comprises one of a plurality of ultrasonic transducer cavities including a second ultrasonic transducer cavity that lacks an opening extending from it and through the silicon layer.
10. The ultrasound device of claim 1 , wherein the membrane further comprises an oxide layer disposed between the silicon layer and the ultrasonic transducer cavity, and the opening extends through the oxide layer and the silicon layer.
11. A method of forming an ultrasound device, wherein:
the ultrasound device comprises
a membrane comprising a silicon layer;
a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) substrate including integrated circuitry;
an ultrasonic transducer cavity; and
an electrode configured to control vibration of the membrane within the ultrasonic transducer cavity;
wherein:
the ultrasonic transducer cavity is disposed between the membrane and the electrode along a vertical dimension of the ultrasound device;
the electrode is disposed between the ultrasonic transducer cavity and the CMOS substrate along the vertical dimension of the ultrasound device; and
the electrode is electrically coupled to the integrated circuitry; and
the method comprises forming an opening extending from the ultrasonic transducer cavity, through the silicon layer, and to an external environment of the ultrasound device.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein forming the opening comprises forming a single opening that extends from the ultrasonic transducer cavity and through the silicon layer.
13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising forming a plurality of openings that extend from the ultrasonic transducer cavity and through the silicon layer.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein forming the opening comprises forming the opening such that the opening extends vertically through the silicon layer.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein forming the opening comprises forming the opening such that the opening extends from the ultrasonic transducer cavity along a path comprising at least one non-vertical portion.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein forming the opening further comprises forming a trench in the silicon layer at a periphery of the ultrasound device such that the opening extends to the trench.
17. The method of claim 11 , wherein forming the opening comprises using etching.
18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the ultrasonic transducer cavity comprises one of a plurality of ultrasonic transducer cavities, and further comprising forming a plurality of openings such that each of the plurality of openings extends to one of the plurality of ultrasonic transducer cavities.
19. The method of claim 11 , wherein the ultrasonic transducer cavity comprises one of a plurality of ultrasonic transducer cavities including a second ultrasonic transducer cavity that lacks an opening extending from it and through the silicon layer.
20. The method of claim 11 , wherein the membrane further comprises an oxide layer disposed between the silicon layer and the ultrasonic transducer cavity, and forming the opening comprises forming the opening such that the opening extends through the oxide layer and the silicon layer.