Electrolytic generation and purification of carbon
The embodiments herein relate to methods, apparatus, and systems for forming and purifying solid carbon material from a molten carbonate salt electrolyte. Various embodiments also provide methods, apparatus, and systems for recycling certain materials including the carbonate salt electrolyte, carbon dioxide, water, etc. Advantageously, the system utilizes carbon dioxide in one or more processes, for example to purify the solid carbon and regenerate the carbonate salt electrolyte. These methods, apparatus, and systems provide an efficient technique to consume carbon dioxide in the production of solid carbon, with substantial advantages over systems that attempt to form solid carbon from a stream of carbon dioxide provided directly to an electrolysis reactor.
1. A system for producing and purifying carbon and recovering lithium carbonate, the system comprising:
an electrolysis reactor configured to produce a solid reaction product by reducing carbonate ions at a cathode in a molten carbonate salt electrolyte, wherein the molten carbonate salt electrolyte comprises lithium carbonate, and wherein the solid reaction product comprises carbon, lithium oxide, and the lithium carbonate from the molten carbonate salt electrolyte;
a grinder configured to receive the solid reaction product and grind it into a powdered form having an average particle diameter between about 0.5-5 mm;
a washer configured to contact the powdered form of the solid reaction product with water to react at least some of the lithium oxide with the water to form lithium hydroxide;
a filter configured to separate the lithium hydroxide from the solid carbon and lithium carbonate in the solid reaction product, thereby forming a filtered solid reaction product;
an extraction vessel configured to hold carbon dioxide, a hydrogen ion-donor solvent, and the filtered solid reaction product therein, wherein the extraction vessel is configured to reach a target pressure of at least about 1 atmosphere while the filtered solid reaction product, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion-donor solvent are held therein, thereby (i) producing lithium bicarbonate from the lithium carbonate, and (ii) forming a mixture comprising purified solid carbon and a solution of (a) the lithium bicarbonate, (b) the carbon dioxide, and (c) the hydrogen ion-donor solvent, wherein the target pressure is a total absolute pressure in the extraction vessel;
a separator for separating the purified solid carbon from the mixture;
an evaporation reactor configured to receive the solution after the purified solid carbon is removed from the mixture, wherein the evaporation reactor is configured to evaporate the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen ion-donor solvent from the solution to provide recovered lithium carbonate; and
a precipitation reactor configured to react carbon dioxide with the lithium hydroxide to form a second recovered lithium carbonate and recovered water,
wherein the electrolysis reactor is configured to receive the recovered lithium carbonate from the evaporation reactor.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the extraction vessel is configured to receive the carbon dioxide removed from the solution from the evaporation reactor.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the extraction vessel is configured to receive the hydrogen ion-donor solvent removed from the solution from the evaporation reactor.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises a transition metal.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein an anode in the electrolysis reactor comprises a transition metal.
6. The system of claim 4 , wherein the cathode comprises iron.
7. The system of claim 5 , wherein an anode in the electrolysis reactor comprises stainless steel.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the extraction vessel is configured to receive the recovered water from the precipitation reactor.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrolysis reactor is configured to receive the second recovered lithium carbonate from the precipitation reactor to the electrolysis reactor.
10. A system for producing and purifying carbon and recovering lithium carbonate, the system comprising:
an electrolysis reactor configured to produce a solid reaction product by reducing carbonate ions at a cathode in a molten carbonate salt electrolyte, wherein the molten carbonate salt electrolyte comprises lithium carbonate, and wherein the solid reaction product comprises carbon, lithium oxide, and the lithium carbonate from the molten carbonate salt electrolyte;
a grinder configured to receive the solid reaction product and grind it into a powdered form having an average particle diameter between about 0.5-5 mm;
an extraction vessel configured to hold carbon dioxide, a hydrogen ion-donor solvent, and the powdered form of the solid reaction product therein, wherein the extraction vessel is configured to reach a target pressure of at least about 1 atmosphere while the solid reaction product, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion-donor solvent are held therein, thereby (i) producing lithium bicarbonate from the lithium carbonate, and (ii) forming a mixture comprising purified solid carbon and a solution of (a) the lithium bicarbonate, (b) the carbon dioxide, and (c) the hydrogen ion-donor solvent, wherein the target pressure is a total absolute pressure in the extraction vessel;
a separator for separating the purified solid carbon from the mixture; and
an evaporation reactor configured to receive the solution after the purified solid carbon is removed from the mixture, wherein the evaporation reactor is configured to evaporate the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen ion-donor solvent from the solution to provide recovered lithium carbonate; and
a precipitation reactor configured to react carbon dioxide with lithium hydroxide to form a second recovered lithium carbonate and recovered water,
wherein the electrolysis reactor is configured to receive the recovered lithium carbonate from the evaporation reactor.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the extraction vessel is configured to receive the carbon dioxide removed from the solution from the evaporation reactor.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the extraction vessel is configured to receive the hydrogen ion-donor solvent removed from the solution from the evaporation reactor.
13. The system of claim 10 , wherein the extraction vessel is configured to receive the recovered water from the precipitation reactor.
14. The system of claim 10 , wherein the electrolysis reactor is configured to receive the second recovered lithium carbonate from the precipitation reactor.