Direct drive end-effectors with parallel kinematics

1. A gripper comprising:

at least one movable finger, each movable finger comprising:

a first motor;

a second motor;

a first motor link comprising a first end coupled to a rotor of the first motor;

a second motor link comprising a first end coupled to a rotor of the second motor;

a finger link comprising:

a first end in pivotal connection with a second end of the second motor link; and

a gripper pad; and

a connecting link comprising:

a first end in pivotal connection with a second end of the first motor link; and

a second end in pivotal connection with the finger link; and

at least one controller programmed or configured to: actuate the first motor and the second motor of each of the at least one movable finger; determine a winding temperature of at least one of the first motor and the second motor; and release an object held by the at least one movable finger in response to determining that the winding temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold.

2. The gripper of claim 1 , wherein the at least one movable finger comprises two movable fingers facing toward one another such that actuation of the first motor and the second motor of the two movable fingers drives gripper pads of the two movable fingers toward one another.

3. The gripper of claim 1 , wherein the first motor link is coupled to the first motor such that rotation of the first motor at a first angular velocity causes rotation of the first motor link at the first angular velocity, and

wherein the second motor link is coupled to the second motor such that rotation of the second motor at a second angular velocity causes rotation of the second motor link at the second angular velocity.

4. The gripper of claim 1 , further comprising an actuator configured to move the at least one movable finger in a first direction,

wherein the at least one controller is further programmed or configured to:

drive the actuator to move the at least one movable finger in the first direction toward a target surface;

halt the actuator in response to determining that the at least one movable finger is in contact with the target surface;

actuate the first motor and the second motor to move the gripper pad toward an object on the target surface; and

in response to determining that the at least one movable finger has grasped the object on the target surface, maintain a driving current on the first motor and the second motor to retain the object in the at least one movable finger.

5. The gripper of claim 4 , wherein determining that the at least one movable finger is in contact with the target surface comprises detecting angular displacement of at least one of the first motor and the second motor.

6. The gripper of claim 4 , wherein determining that the at least one movable finger has grasped the object on the target surface comprises detecting a load above a predetermined threshold on at least one of the first motor and the second motor.

7. The gripper of claim 1 , wherein the at least one controller is further programmed or configured to:

predict a change in the winding temperature of at least one of the first motor and the second motor based on a planned movement of the at least one movable finger; and

alter the planned movement to prevent the winding temperature from exceeding a predetermined threshold.

8. A gripper comprising:

at least one movable finger, each movable finger comprising:

at least one motor;

a plurality of interconnected links connected to the at least one motor; and

a gripper pad connected to the plurality of interconnected links;

an actuator configured to move the at least one movable finger in a first direction; and

a controller programmed or configured to:

drive the actuator to move the at least one movable finger in the first direction toward a target surface;

halt the actuator in response to determining that the at least one movable finger is in contact with the target surface;

actuate the at least one motor of each of the at least one movable finger to move the gripper pad toward an object on the target surface;

in response to determining that the at least one movable finger has grasped the object on the target surface, maintain a driving current on the at least one motor to retain the object in the at least one movable finger;

determine a winding temperature of at least one of a first motor and a second motor of the at least one motor;

predict a change in the winding temperature of at least one of the first motor and the second motor based on a planned movement of the at least one movable finger; and

alter the planned movement to prevent the winding temperature from exceeding a predetermined threshold.

9. The gripper of claim 8 , wherein the controller is further programmed or configured to release the object held by the at least one movable finger in response to determining that the winding temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold.

10. A method for controlling a gripper, the method comprising:

driving an actuator to move at least one movable finger of the gripper in a first direction toward a target surface;

determining, with at least one processor, that the at least one movable finger is in contact with the target surface;

halting the actuator in response to determining that the at least one movable finger is in contact with the target surface;

actuating at least one motor of each of the at least one movable finger to move a gripper pad of each of the at least one movable finger toward an object on the target surface;

determining, with at least one processor, that the at least one movable finger has grasped the object on the target surface;

in response to determining that the at least one movable finger has grasped the object on the target surface, maintaining a driving current on the at least one motor to retain the object in the at least one movable finger;

determining, with at least one processor, a winding temperature of the at least one motor;

determining, with at least one processor, that the winding temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold; and

in response to determining that the winding temperature exceeds the predetermined threshold, releasing the object held by the at least one movable finger.

11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:

predicting, with at least one processor, a change in the winding temperature of the at least one motor based on a planned movement of the at least one movable finger; and

altering, with at least one processor, the planned movement to prevent the winding temperature from exceeding a predetermined threshold.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the determining that the at least one movable finger is in contact with the target surface comprises detecting angular displacement of the at least one motor.

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the determining that the at least one movable finger is in contact with the target surface comprises detecting a load above a predetermined threshold on the at least one motor.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein determining that the at least one movable finger has grasped the object on the target surface comprises detecting a load above a predetermined threshold on at least one of a first motor and a second motor of the at least one motor.